{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:18Z","timestamp":1787020158628,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3H1291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3H1291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (PHGS) in children, though usually self-limited, might mimic bacterial and enteroviral pharyngitis clinically. We conducted a study to define the clinical features of PHGS in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between January 2012 and December 2016, 282 inpatients aged less than 19\u2009years with cell culture-confirmed herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a medical center were identified from the virologic laboratory logbook. Clinical data were retrospectively collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 282 inpatients, 185 cases were considered as PHGS and were included for analysis. Fever was present in 99.5%. The mean duration of fever was 5.11\u2009days (\u00b12.24) with the longest being 17\u2009days. Common oral manifestations included oral ulcers (84.3%), which equally resided in the anterior and posterior part of the oral cavity (65.4% vs. 63.2%), gum swelling and\/or bleeding (67.6%), and exudate coated tonsils (16.8%). Leukocytosis (WBC count &gt;\u200915,000\/uL\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was noted in 52 patients (28.1%) and a serum C-reactive protein level\u2009&gt;\u200940\u2009mg\/L in 55 patients (29.7%). Fixty-five patients (35%) were diagnosed with PHGS on admission and were significantly more likely to have ulcers over the anterior oral cavity (76.1% vs. 26.7%) and gum swelling\/bleeding (76.2% vs. 7.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value all &lt;\u20090.001) on admission and were significantly less likely to receive antibiotic treatment (16.9 vs. 36.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value &lt;\u20090.01) than others. Forty-six patients (25%) undiagnosed as PHGS on discharge were significantly more likely to have exudate coated on the tonsils, to receive antibiotic treatment and significantly less likely to have gum swelling\/bleeding and oral ulcers (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values &lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meticulously identifying specific oral manifestations of gum swelling\/bleeding and ulcers over the anterior oral cavity in children can help making the diagnosis of PHGS earlier and subsequently reduce unnecessary prescription of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05509-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T08:03:58Z","timestamp":1603181038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Clinical features of gingivostomatitis due to primary infection of herpes simplex virus in children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chen-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hsien","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Ru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yhu-Chering","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5509_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01336.x","volume":"12","author":"A Kolokotronis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kolokotronis A, Doumas S. 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