{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T05:39:26Z","timestamp":1793338766376,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Grant ACIM- 5- 3 and ACIP A- 21- 2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant ACIM- 5- 3 and ACIP A- 21- 2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Plague, a fatal disease caused by the bacillus, <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, still affects resources-limited countries. Information on antibody response to plague infection in human is scarce. Anti-F1 Ig G are among the known protective antibodies against <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> infection. As a vaccine preventable disease, knowledge on antibody response is valuable for the development of an effective vaccine to reduce infection rate among exposed population in plague-endemic regions. In this study, we aim to describe short and long-term humoral immune responses against <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> in plague-confirmed patients from Madagascar, the most affected country in the world.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bubonic (BP) and pneumonic plague (PP) patients were recruited from plague- endemic foci in the central highlands of Madagascar between 2005 and 2017. For short-term follow-up, 6 suspected patients were enrolled and prospectively investigated for kinetics of the anti-F1 IgG response, whereas the persistence of antibodies was retrospectively studied in 71 confirmed convalescent patients, using an ELISA which was validated for the detection of plague in human blood samples in Madagascar.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Similarly to previous findings, anti-F1 IgG rose quickly during the first week after disease onset and increased up to day 30. In the long-term study, 56% of confirmed cases remained seropositive, amongst which 60 and 40% could be considered as high- and low-antibody responders, respectively. Antibodies persisted for several years and up to 14.8\u2009years for one individual. Antibody titers decreased over time but there was no correlation between titer and time elapsed between the disease onset and serum sampling. In addition, the seroprevalence rate was not significantly different between gender (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.65) nor age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.096).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study highlighted that the circulating antibody response to F1 antigen, which is specific to <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>, may be attributable to individual immune responsiveness. The finding that a circulating anti-F1 antibody titer could persist for more than a decade in both BP and PP recovered patients, suggests its probable involvement in patients\u2019 protection. However, complementary studies including analyses of the cellular immune response to <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> are required for the better understanding of long-lasting protection and development of a potential vaccine against plague.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05565-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1604995377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Short- and long-term humoral immune response against Yersinia pestis in plague patients, Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Voahangy","family":"Andrianaivoarimanana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Lantoniaina","family":"Iharisoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lila","family":"Rahalison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Laurette","family":"Ralimanantsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maherisoa","family":"Ratsitorahina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rado J. L.","family":"Rakotonanahary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Carniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Demeure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoarisoa","family":"Rajerison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5565_CR1","first-page":"9","volume":"35","author":"ER Brygoo","year":"1966","unstructured":"Brygoo ER. Epidemiologie de la peste \u00e0 Madagascar. Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar. 1966;35:9\u2013147.","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar"},{"key":"5565_CR2","first-page":"289","volume":"94","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Plague around the world. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2019;94:289\u201392.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"5565_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30730-8","volume":"19","author":"R Randremanana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Randremanana R, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Nikolay B, Ramasindrazana B, Paireau J, Ten Bosch QA, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of an urban plague epidemic in Madagascar, august-November, 2017: an outbreak report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(5):537\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5565_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00306-06","volume":"50","author":"M Galimand","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galimand M, Carniel E, Courvalin P. Resistance of Yersinia pestis to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(10):3233\u20136.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"5565_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","volume":"10","author":"RD Perry","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perry RD, Fetherston JD. Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent of plague. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10(1):35\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"5565_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1453-1460.2002","volume":"70","author":"Y Du","year":"2002","unstructured":"Du Y, Rosqvist R, Forsberg A. Role of fraction 1 antigen of Yersinia pestis in inhibition of phagocytosis. Infect Immun. 2002;70(3):1453\u201360.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5565_CR7","first-page":"750","volume":"30","author":"KF Meyer","year":"1964","unstructured":"Meyer KF. Serological tests for the confirmation of plague infections: a preliminary communication. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;30:750\u20131.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"5565_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.Supplement_1.S26","volume":"129","author":"JD Marshall Jr","year":"1974","unstructured":"Marshall JD Jr, Cavanaugh DC, Bartelloni PJ, Meyer K. F. Plague immunization. III. Serologic response to multiple inoculations of vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1974;129(Suppl):S26\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5565_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.4.5.587-591.1997","volume":"4","author":"B Rasoamanana","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rasoamanana B, Leroy F, Boisier P, Rasolomaharo M, Buchy P, Carniel E, et al. Field evaluation of an immunoglobulin G anti-F1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of human plague in Madagascar. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997;4(5):587\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5565_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12044","volume":"172","author":"ED Williamson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williamson ED, Oyston PC. Protecting against plague: towards a next-generation vaccine. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;172(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5565_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05559-11","volume":"19","author":"B Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li B, Du C, Zhou L, Bi Y, Wang X, Wen L, et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses to Yersinia pestis infection in long-term recovered plague patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(2):228\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"9353","key":"5565_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12270-2","volume":"361","author":"S Chanteau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ralafiarisoa L, Foulon J, Ratsitorahina M, Ratsifasoamanana L, et al. Development and testing of a rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneumonic plague. Lancet. 2003;361(9353):211\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"5565_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90420-4","volume":"90","author":"B Rasoamanana","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rasoamanana B, Rahalison L, Raharimanana C, Chanteau S. Comparison of Yersinia CIN agar and mouse inoculation assay for the diagnosis of plague. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90(6):651.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5565_CR14","first-page":"39","volume":"55","author":"T Butler","year":"1977","unstructured":"Butler T, Hudson BW. The serological response to Yersinia pestis infection. Bull World Health Organ. 1977;55:39\u201342.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"5565_CR15","first-page":"278","volume":"81","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International meeting on preventing and controlling plague: the old calamity still has a future. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006;81:278\u201384.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"8","key":"5565_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01677.x","volume":"11","author":"R Migliani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Migliani R, Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ratsitorahina M, Boutin JP, Ratsifasoamanana L, et al. Epidemiological trends for human plague in Madagascar during the second half of the 20th century: a survey of 20,900 notified cases. Tropical Med Int Health. 2006;11(8):1228\u201337.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5565_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.171974","volume":"25","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrianaivoarimanana V, Piola P, Wagner DM, Rakotomanana F, Maheriniaina V, Andrianalimanana S, et al. Trends of human plague, Madagascar, 1998-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(2):220\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5565_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0656-y","volume":"18","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrianaivoarimanana V, Bertherat E, Rajaonarison R, Rakotondramaro T, Rogier C, Rajerison M. Mixed pneumonic plague and nosocomial MDR-bacterial infection of lung: a rare case report. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18(1):92.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5565_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.131828","volume":"21","author":"V Richard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richard V, Riehm JM, Herindrainy P, Soanandrasana R, Ratsitoharina M, Rakotomanana F, et al. Pneumonic plague outbreak, northern Madagascar, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(1):8\u201315.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5565_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161406","volume":"23","author":"B Ramasindrazana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramasindrazana B, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Rakotondramanga JM, Birdsell DN, Ratsitorahina M, Rajerison M. Pneumonic plague transmission, Moramanga, Madagascar, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(3):521\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9198","key":"5565_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05163-6","volume":"355","author":"M Ratsitorahina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ratsitorahina M, Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ratsifasoamanana L, Boisier P. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Madagascar. Lancet. 2000;355(9198):111\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"5","key":"5565_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100029","volume":"17","author":"E Bertherat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bertherat E, Thullier P, Shako JC, England K, Kon\u00e9 ML, Arntzen L, et al. Lessons learned about pneumonic plague diagnosis from two outbreaks, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(5):778\u201384.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05565-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05565-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05565-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T08:04:04Z","timestamp":1604995444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05565-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05565-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"These studies were approved by the Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research of the Malagasy Ministry of Public Health (#365- SANPF\/ CAB of December 7, 2004 and #008-MSANP\/CE of January 16, 2013). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant or legal guardian, including serum sampling.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"822"}}