{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:04:04Z","timestamp":1768442644919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"USAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AID-687-G-13-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-687-G-13-0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211309\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211309\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Plague is a highly fatal disease caused by <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>. Late diagnosis hampers disease outcome and effectiveness of control measures, induces death and disease spread. Advance on its diagnosis was the use of lateral flow rapid diagnostic test (RDT).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We assessed the performance of the plague RDT based on <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> F1 antigen detection more than 15\u2009years after its deployment in Madagascar. We compared the RDT with bacteriological culture results, using data from plague notified cases collected during the periods for which both tests were performed independently and systematically.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Used with bubonic plague (BP) patient samples, RDTs had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 99.7\u2013100%), a specificity of 67% (95% CI: 64\u201370%) with a good agreement between bacteriology and RDT results (86%; \u03ba\u00a0=\u20090.70, 95% CI 0.67\u20130.73). For pneumonic plague (PP), RDT had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 91\u2013100%) and a specificity of 59% (95% CI: 49\u201368%) and concordance between the bacteriological and plague RDT results was moderate (70%; \u03ba\u00a0=\u20090.43, 95% CI 0.32\u20130.55). Analysis focusing on the 2017\u20132018 plague season including the unprecedented epidemic of PP showed that RDT used on BP samples still had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 85\u2013100%) and a specificity of 82% (95% CI: 48\u201398%) with a very good agreement with bacteriology 94% (\u03ba\u00a0=\u20090.86, 95% CI 0.67\u20131); for PP samples, concordance between the bacteriological and plague RDT results was poor (61%; \u03ba\u00a0=\u2009\u2212\u20090.03, 95% CI -0.17 \u2013 0.10).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>RDT performance appeared to be similar for the diagnosis of BP and PP except during the 2017 PP epidemic where RDT performance was low. This RDT, with its good sensitivity on both plague clinical forms during a normal plague season, remained a potential test for alert. Particularly for BP, it may be of great value in the decision process for the initiation of therapy. However, for PP, RDT may deliver false negative results due to inconsistent sample quality. Plague diagnosis could be improved through the development of next generation of RDTs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4812-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T18:02:39Z","timestamp":1580407359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Performance of plague rapid diagnostic test compared to bacteriology: a retrospective analysis of the data collected in Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minoarisoa","family":"Rajerison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Melocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Voahangy","family":"Andrianaivoarimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soloandry","family":"Rahajandraibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feno","family":"Rakotoarimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maherisoa","family":"Ratsitorahina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Baril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12270-2","volume":"361","author":"S Chanteau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ralafiarisoa L, et al. Development and testing of rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneumonic plague. Lancet. 2003;361:211\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4812_CR2","first-page":"278","volume":"81","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International meeting on preventing and controlling plague: the old calamity still has a future. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006;81:278\u201384.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"4812_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30730-8","volume":"19","author":"R Randremanana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Randremanana R, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Nikolay B, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of urban plague epidemic in Madagascar, august-November 2017: an outbreak report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(5):534\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4812_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1713881","volume":"378","author":"P Mead","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mead P. Plague in Madagascar \u2013 a tragic opportunity for improving public health. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:106\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4812_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanteau S In: Atlas de la Peste \u00e0 Madagascar, Edition IRD\/IP\/AUF 2006 : 94p.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.6582"},{"key":"4812_CR6","first-page":"574","volume":"63","author":"S Chanteau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chanteau S, Nato F, Migliani R. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des tests rapides par immunochromatographie pour la surveillance des maladies \u00e0 caract\u00e8res \u00e9pid\u00e9mique dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement : l\u2019exemple de la peste \u00e0 Madagascar. 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Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(2):220\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4812_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.04.393","volume":"48","author":"E D\u2019Ortenzio","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Ortenzio E, Lema\u00eetre N, Brouat C, et al. Plague: bridging gaps towards better disease control. Med Mal Infec. 2018;48(5):307\u201317.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infec"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4812-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4812-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4812-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:12:59Z","timestamp":1611879179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4812-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4812-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"90"}}