{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:28:32Z","timestamp":1787020112635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]],"date-time":"2020-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]],"date-time":"2020-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The management of disseminated cysticercosis is unclear and largely considered hazardous. The role of albendazole remains controversial in such patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A tertiary care, University hospital-based prospective intervention study was conducted from December 2015 to December 2017. Patients with disseminated cysticercosis, defined as the presence of multiple viable neurocysticerci (\u2265 3) in the brain along with involvement of an additional extra site, were included in the study. Patients with cysticercal encephalitis were excluded. A detailed evaluation, including ophthalmoscopy, ocular B scans, ultrasound abdomen, and X-rays were done. Albendazole was administered at a dose of 15\u2009mg\/kg\/day in 3\u2009cycles of 28\u2009days each. All patients were also given adjuvant corticosteroids and anti-epileptic drugs. Clinical and radiological follow up was carried out at a difference of 3\u2009months between each treatment cycle. For radiological quantification, lesions were counted at 10 pre-specified levels. Statistical analysis was done to estimate the difference in seizure frequency and lesion load.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-nine patients (21 with &gt;\u200920 lesions; 8 with \u2264 20 lesions) were given albendazole as per the protocol. There was a significant reduction in the occurrence of seizures (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and headache (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A significant reduction in lesion load from baseline to third follow-up was seen in the estimations done at different levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No patient developed serious side-effect warranting cessation of therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cyclical use of albendazole appears efficacious in treating disseminated cysticercosis. The method of quantification described may be used in future studies for objective assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ISRCTN11630542\">ISRCTN11630542<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; 28th September 2019; Retrospectively registered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]],"date-time":"2020-03-14T07:03:20Z","timestamp":1584169400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Quantitative assessment of lesion load and efficacy of 3\u2009cycles of albendazole in disseminated cysticercosis: a prospective evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sudhakar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep Singh","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra Kumar","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran Preet","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amita","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neera","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Uniyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4891_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.6.1075","volume":"10","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"1988","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Sotelo J. Neurocysticercosis: an update. Rev Infect Dis. 1988;10:1075\u201387.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"39","key":"4891_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4882","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004882","volume":"95","author":"A Qavi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qavi A, Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A, Kumar N, Malhotra KP, et al. Disseminated cysticercosis: clinical spectrum, toll-like receptor-4 gene polymorphisms and role of albendazole. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(39):e4882.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4891_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091202500208","volume":"25","author":"K Gangadhar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gangadhar K, Santhosh D. An uncommon manifestation of a common tropical disease: disseminated cysticercosis. Neuroradiol J. 2012;25(2):200\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"4891_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70094-8","volume":"13","author":"HH Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:1202\u201315.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"4891_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031294","volume":"350","author":"HH Garcia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, Martinez SM, Moulton LH, Del Brutto OH, et al. A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:249\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4891_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70779-0","volume":"14","author":"HH Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Lescano AG, Bustos JA, Zimic M, Escalante D, et al. Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:687\u201395.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4891_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy157","volume":"66","author":"AC White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White AC, Coyle CM, Rajshekhar V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Neurocysticercosis: 2017 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:1159\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4891_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy434","volume":"67","author":"RK Garg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Pandey S. Diagnosis and treatment of Neurocysticercosis: issues that need to be addressed. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(11):1796\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4891_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4171-4","volume":"19","author":"Y Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou Y, Wang F, Wang H-B, Wu WW, Fan C-K, Zhang H-Y, et al. Disseminated cysticercosis in China with complex and variable clinical manifestations: a case series. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):543.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4891_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4172-3","volume":"19","author":"X-Z Zang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zang X-Z, Li H-Z, Qian M-B, Chen Y-D, Zhou C-H, Liu H-K, et al. Extensive disseminated cysticercosis: a case report in Yunnan province. China BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):535.","journal-title":"China BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4891_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_76_17","volume":"18","author":"K Gnanamoorthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gnanamoorthy K, Suthakaran PK. Disseminated cysticercosis in an immunocompetent individual. Ann Afr Med. 2019 Mar;18(1):51\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"4891_CR12","first-page":"2017","volume":"28","author":"N Saeed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saeed N, Ehsan A, Vasenwala SM. Disseminated cysticercosis incidentally diagnosed in a patient of fracture shaft of femur. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;28:2017.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"26","key":"4891_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1601189","volume":"375","author":"Q Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng Q, Liu L. Disseminated Cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):e52.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4891_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.196047","volume":"25","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srivastava S, Bhatia MS, Gautam P. Disseminated neurocysticercosis presenting as acute stress reaction. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016 Jun;25(1):110\u20132.","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"7","key":"4891_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.7.1062","volume":"55","author":"RH Gilman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gilman RH, Del Brutto OH, Garcia HH, Martinez M. Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Prevalence of taeniosis among patients with neurocysticercosis is related to severity of infection. Neurology. 2000 Oct 10;55(7):1062.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4891_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70267-3","volume":"25","author":"PM Schantz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schantz PM. Tapeworms (cestodiasis). Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 1996;25:637\u201353.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"4891_CR17","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Chapter 29, Taenia solium","author":"DD Despommier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Despommier DD, Griffin DO, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ, Knirsch CA. Parasitic Diseases. In: Chapter 29, Taenia solium. 6th ed. New York: Parasites Without Borders, Inc; 2017. p. 339\u201354.","edition":"6"},{"key":"4891_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.177","volume":"57","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Rajshekhar V, White AC Jr, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Neurology. 2001;57:177\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4891_CR19","first-page":"171","volume":"52","author":"RK Garg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garg RK. Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: some modifications are needed for Indian patients. Neurol India. 2004;52:171\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"4891_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.306105522","volume":"30","author":"ET Kimura-Hayama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kimura-Hayama ET, Higuera JA, Corona-Cedillo R, et al. Neurocysticercosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2010;30:1705\u201319.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"4891_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.07.005","volume":"21","author":"AA Razek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Razek AA, Watcharakorn A, Castillo M. Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clinics. 2011;21:815\u201341.","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clinics"},{"key":"4891_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x","volume":"22","author":"No authors listed","year":"1981","unstructured":"No authors listed. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia. 1981;22:489\u2013501.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"4891_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.3.597","volume":"111","author":"N Wadia","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wadia N, Desai S, Bhatt M. Disseminated cysticercosis. New observations, including CT scan findings and experience with treatment by praziquantel. Brain. 1988;111:597\u2013614.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4891_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/str.28.8.1648\/a","volume":"28","author":"GC Fong","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fong GC, Cheung RT. Caution with praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. Stroke. 1997;28:1648\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"4891_CR25","first-page":"344","volume":"35","author":"A Verma","year":"1987","unstructured":"Verma A, Pauranik A, Maheshwari MC. Adverse reactions during treatment of neurocysticercosis with praziquantel. Neurol India. 1987;35:344\u201352.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"4891_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.4103\/neuroindia.NI_424_16","volume":"65","author":"RK Garg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garg RK, Malhotra HS. Be careful while using albendazole\/praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. Neurol India. 2017;65:924\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"4891_CR27","unstructured":"Sander HW, Castro C. Images in clinical medicine. Neurocysticercosis N Engl J Med 2004; 350:266."},{"issue":"13","key":"4891_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1810953","volume":"380","author":"N Dev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dev N, Abbas SZ. Disseminated Cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(13):1267.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4891_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.12.010","volume":"17","author":"CA Cuello-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuello-Garc\u00eda CA, Rold\u00e1n-Ben\u00edtez YM, P\u00e9rez-Gaxiola G, Villarreal-Careaga J. Corticosteroids for neurocysticercosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:e583\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4891_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1582","volume":"53","author":"HH Garc\u00eda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda HH, Del Brutto OH. Cysticercosis working Group in Peru. Heavy nonencephalitic cerebral cysticercosis in tapeworm carriers. Neurology. 1999;53:1582\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4891_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.8.621","volume":"78","author":"R Sihota","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sihota R, Honavar SG. Oral albendazole in the management of extraocular cysticercosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:621\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4891_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830590889866","volume":"23","author":"PM Sundaram","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sundaram PM, Jayakumar N, Noronha V. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis-a clinical challenge to the ophthalmologists. Orbit. 2004;23:255\u201362.","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"4891_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010212","volume":"345","author":"JV Proa\u00f1o","year":"2001","unstructured":"Proa\u00f1o JV, Madrazo I, Avelar F, L\u00f3pez-F\u00e9lix B, D\u00edaz G, Grijalva I. Medical treatment for neurocysticercosis characterized by giant subarachnoid cysts. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:879\u201385.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4891_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00640-7","volume":"64","author":"RJ Horton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Horton RJ. Albendazole in treatment of human cystic echinococcosis: 12 years of experience. Acta Trop. 1997;64(1\u20132):79\u201393.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4891_CR35","first-page":"795","volume-title":"Manson\u2019s Tropical Diseases","author":"M Stojkovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stojkovic M, Gottstein B, Junghanss T. Echinococcosis. In: Farrar J, Hotez PJ, Junghanss T, Kang G, Lalloo D, White NJ, editors. Manson\u2019s Tropical Diseases. 23rd ed. China: Elsevier; 2013. p. 795\u2013819.","edition":"23"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T19:05:01Z","timestamp":1615662301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of King George\u2019s Medical University U.P., letter number 7976\/Ethics\/R.Cell-15, dated 04\/12\/15; Ref. Code: 76th ECM II-B-Thesis\/P19. Written and informed consent was obtained from every participant; in those with <\u200918\u2009years of age, parental (or legal guardian) consent was taken for participating in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"220"}}