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However, recent studies showed the presence of several cutaneous types in mucosal lesions and healthy mucosa from different anatomical sites.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, the HPV prevalence and type-specific distribution were assessed in a variety of mucosal samples from 435 individuals using a combination of two established broad-spectrum primer systems: <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-PV PCR and CUT PCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall HPV prevalence in anal canal swabs, cervical cancer biopsies, genital warts and oral swabs was 85, 47, 62 and 4%, respectively. In anal canal swabs, <jats:italic>Alpha<\/jats:italic>-PVs were most frequently found (59%), followed by <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>- (37%) and <jats:italic>Beta<\/jats:italic>-PVs (4%). The prevalence and persistence of HPV infection in the anal canal of 226 individuals were further explored. Overall HPV, <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-PVs and multiple HPV infections were significantly higher in men vs. women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, respectively); multiple HPV infections were more common in individuals \u226440\u2009years (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05), and significantly higher prevalence of <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-PVs and multiple HPV infections was observed in HIV-1-positive vs. HIV-1-negative individuals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04, respectively). Out of 21 patients with follow-up anal swabs, only one persistent infection with the same type (HPV58) was detected.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest that <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-PVs (except species <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-6) are ubiquitous viruses with dual muco-cutaneous tissue tropism. Anal canal <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-PV infections may be associated with sexual behavior and the host immune status. This study expands the knowledge on <jats:italic>Gamma<\/jats:italic>-PVs\u2019 tissue tropism, providing valuable data on the characteristics of HPV infection in the anal canal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4893-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T15:04:02Z","timestamp":1586271842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessing Gammapapillomavirus infections of mucosal epithelia with two broad-spectrum PCR protocols"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Elisa M.","family":"Bolatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Ho\u0161njak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Chouhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo E.","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda F.","family":"Re-Louhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebe","family":"Bottai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina Fujs","family":"Komlo\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Poljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana A.","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.033","volume":"324","author":"EM de Villiers","year":"2004","unstructured":"de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, Zur HH. 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Studies were approved by the National Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health of Republic of Slovenia (consent nos. 131\/06\/07, 34\/11\/06, and 45\/04\/07) and by the Institutional Review Board of the Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina (reference number 6060\/134) and the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, and only patient\u2019s gender, age and immune status were available to researchers.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"274"}}