{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T18:04:25Z","timestamp":1784397865410,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Diarrhoea is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five years old. In Kenya, it has a 21% case fatality with <jats:italic>Enteropathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella spp.<\/jats:italic> accounting for 50\u201360% of the cases. Sulphonamides, tetracycline, ampicillin and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole are typically used in the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases but have become ineffective in the face of emerging antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella<\/jats:italic> species in children under five years of age presenting with diarrhoea at Kapsabet County Referral Hospital in Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Faecal samples were collected from 139 children admitted with diarrhoea. Each sample was examined macroscopically for colour, texture, and presence of extraneous material. The samples were then cultured for bacterial growth. Observed bacterial growth was isolated and identified by a series of biochemical tests. Resistance patterns were also evaluated using the Kirby \u2013 Bauer Disk diffusion method. The chi \u2013 square test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to establish statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Approximately 33.1% of the total faecal samples tested were positive for enteric pathogens. <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. demonstrated resistance to erythromycin (91.7%), doxycyclin (83.3%), ampicillin (82.1%), cotrimoxazole (73.1%), minocycline (66.7%) and cefuroxime (54.2%). <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic> also exhibited resistance to erythromycin (87.5%), doxycyclin (75%), ampicillin (73.7%), cotrimoxazole (73.3%) and minocycline (68.8%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The resistance patterns of <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic> reported in this study necessitates the need for a comprehensive multiregional investigation to evaluate the geographical prevalence and antimicrobial resistance distributions of these microorganisms. These findings also support the need for the discovery and development of effective therapeutic alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retrospectively registered. 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The certificate approval number issued was 00762. Informed written consent was obtained from the parents or guardian of the study participants. Participants were allowed to consent without any coercion. For each confirmed infection case, the responsible physicians were informed and appropriate treatment immediately commenced after the samples were collected and diagnosis performed. Information obtained at each stage of the study was kept confidential. Results on isolated pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity thereof were availed to respective clinicians for appropriate patient care.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"109"}}