{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:55:26Z","timestamp":1788292526939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge among the rural parents about the vaccinations and vaccination coverage of children in the first year of life in Papua New Guinea \u2013 analysis of data provided by Christian Health Services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis aimed to assess rural parents\u2019 knowledge about the diseases prevented by vaccinations and establish vaccination coverage in PNG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge of vaccinations was checked through a standard questionnaire (five closed questions).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data on vaccination coverage from 2016 to 2018 from all Catholic health facilities. Analyzed vaccinations were the pentavalent vaccine (DTaP-HiB-HepB) and measles vaccine given in the first year of life. Coverage was calculated based on the number of vaccines used compared to the number of eligible children.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Analyzed vaccinations were the pentavalent vaccine (DTaP-HiB-HepB) and measles vaccine given in the first year of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-six parents, including 52 mothers and four fathers, participated in the interview. Many parents (46%) understood that the vaccine prevents diseases. During the analyzed period, 25,502 doses of measles vaccine were given, 31,428 children were vaccinated with the pentavalent vaccine. In 2016, the measles vaccine coverage rate was 26.6 and 33.4% for the pentavalent vaccine. In 2017, measles and pentavalent vaccines\u2019 coverage rate was 12.5 and 16.6%, respectively. There were significant differences in immunization coverage between provinces. A decreasing trend in the number of administered vaccinations was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this analysis demonstrate that in PNG, the majority of children are not fully immunized.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>There are significant differences in the vaccination coverage between provinces. As protection from diseases is low, there is a very high risk of an outbreak of the vaccine-preventable disease in the community.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Delivery of vaccinations in PNG encounters many barriers, from access to healthcare services to natural disasters and inter-tribial conflicts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05824-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T07:02:46Z","timestamp":1611990166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Knowledge among the rural parents about the vaccinations and vaccination coverage of children in the first year of life in Papua New Guinea \u2013 analysis of data provided by Christian health services"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7443-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Gowin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Kuzma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"5824_CR1","unstructured":"National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea. Demographic health survey Available at: https:\/\/www.nso.gov.pg\/download\/81\/demographic-health-survey\/2181\/demographic-health-survey-2016-18-report.pdf."},{"key":"5824_CR2","unstructured":"Government P. PNG National Census data 2011. http:\/\/sddspcint\/en\/resources\/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218. 2011."},{"key":"5824_CR3","unstructured":"Annual Report on Child Morbidity and Mortality 2017. Child Health Advisory Committee, editor. Port Moresby: PNG National Department of Health; 2017."},{"key":"5824_CR4","unstructured":"GAVI Alliance Annual Progress Report 2013. Available at http:\/\/www.gavialliance.org\/country\/PD. ePlatform - APR (gavi.org)."},{"key":"5824_CR5","unstructured":"United Nations\/UNICEF. Papua New Guinea consolidated results report for 2012\u20132015 Planning. Available from:http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/about\/execboard\/files\/Papua_New_Guinea_CRR%2D%2D2008-2011_with_summary.pdf"},{"key":"5824_CR6","unstructured":"WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2020 global summary. Papua New Guinea reported immunization coverage [database on the Internet] http:\/\/apps.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/globalsummary\/countries?countrycriteria%5Bcountry%5D%5B%5D=PNG"},{"key":"5824_CR7","unstructured":"Health PNGNDo. Sector Performance Annual Review: 2011\u20132015. Accesed online: http:\/\/wwwhealthgovpg\/publications\/2015_SPARpdf. 2015."},{"key":"5824_CR8","unstructured":"Morgan C. Enhancing pregnancy outcomes. A joint program of UNICEF PNG and the PNG National Department of Health, implemented by the PNG National Institute of Medical Research: Burnet Institute 2008; 22nd April."},{"key":"5824_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2000-2","volume":"15","author":"G Russo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Russo G, Miglietta A, Pezzotti P, et al. Vaccine coverage and determinants of incomplete vaccination in children aged 12\u201323 months in Dschang, west region, Cameroon: a cross-sectional survey during a polio outbreak. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:630.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5824_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.04.063","volume":"28","author":"S Toikilik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toikilik S, Tuges G, Lagani J, Wafiware E, Posanai E, Coghlan B, et al. Are hard-to-reach populations being reached with immunization services? Findings from the 2005 Papua New Guinea national immunization coverage survey. Vaccine. 2010;28:4673\u20139.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"11","key":"5824_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187796","volume":"12","author":"L Samiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samiak L, Emeto TI. Vaccination and nutritional status of children in Karawari, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187796.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5824_CR12","unstructured":"UNICEF Papua New Guinea: Humanitarian Situation Report No. 4 (28 April- 14 May 2018) - Papua New Guinea | ReliefWeb.int."},{"key":"5824_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.11.044","volume":"34","author":"E Wiesen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiesen E, Lagani W, Sui G, Arava J, Reza S, Diorditsa S, Lin Y. Assessment of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccination program, Papua New Guinea, 2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:367\u201372.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"52","key":"5824_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.051","volume":"30","author":"M Riddell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riddell M, Senn N, Clements CJ, Hobday L, Cowie B, Kurubi J, Kevin A, Siba P, Reeder JC, Morgan C. Rubella control in Papua New Guinea: age-specific immunity informs strategies for introduction of rubella vaccine. Vaccine. 2012;30(52):7506\u201312.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5824_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.12.002","volume":"28","author":"N Senn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Senn N, Riddell M, Omena M, Siba P, Reeder JC, Clements CJ, et al. Measles in Papua New Guinea: an age-specific serological survey. Vaccine. 2010;28:1819\u201323.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"5824_CR16","unstructured":"WHO International. Papua New Guinea to vaccinate 700,000 in second round of polio campaign. WHO International; 2018. [cited 2018 Oct 1]. Available from: http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/papuanewguinea\/mediacentre\/releases\/20180823-png-secondround-polio-vaccination\/en\/"},{"key":"5824_CR17","unstructured":"WPRO. Polio immunization drive starts 16 July in Papua New Guinea: WPRO; 2018. [cited 2018 Oct 1]. Available from: http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/papuanewguinea\/mediacentre\/releases\/20180711\/en\/"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05824-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05824-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05824-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1611990238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05824-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05824-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36567\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36567\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36567\/v4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36567\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-33763\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants. Being aware of the high illiteracy, the ethics committee approved this procedure. The study received the approval of the ethics committee of the Divine Word University in PNG.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"NA","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All the authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"130"}}