{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:36:28Z","timestamp":1785285388115,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The outbreak of COVID-19 has rapidly spread to Italy, including Pesaro-Urbino province. Data on young to middle age adults with COVID-19 are lacking. We report the characteristics, management and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with COVID-19 aging \u226450\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed in all patients \u226450\u2009years with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to Emergency department (ED) of San Salvatore Hospital in Pesaro from February 28th to April 8th, 2020. Data were collected from electronical medical records. HRQoL was investigated after 1 month from hospital discharge using the SF-36 questionnaire. Outcomes were evaluated between hospitalized and not hospitalized patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 673 patients admitted to the ED and diagnosed with COVID-19, 104 (15%) were\u2009\u2264\u200950\u2009years old: 74% were discharged at home within 48\u2009h, 26% were hospitalized. Fever occurred in 90% of the cases followed by cough (56%) and dyspnoea (34%). The most frequent coexisting conditions were hypertension (11%), thyroid dysfunction (8%) and neurological and\/or mental disorders [NMDs] (6%). Mean BMI was 27. Hypokalaemia and NMDs were significantly more common in patients who underwent mechanical ventilation. Regardless of hospitalization, there was an impairment in both the physical and mental functioning.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overweight and hypertension are frequent conditions in young to middle age adults with COVID-19. Hypokalaemia and NMDs are commonly associated with progressive disease. A significant impact on HRQoL in the early stage of post-discharge is common in this population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05841-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1612181062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Clinical characteristics, management and health related quality of life in young to middle age adults with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Temperoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Grieco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeno","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Canovari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Polenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Gnudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Montalti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1098-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Barchiesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10223","key":"5841_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"5841_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.035","volume":"14","author":"S Dubey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Lahiri D, Lavie CJ. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):779\u201388.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"5841_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25699","volume":"92","author":"M Giovanetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giovanetti M, Benvenuto D, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. The first two cases of 2019-nCoV in Italy: where they come from? J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):518\u201321.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5841_CR4","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/coronavirus\/bollettino\/Infografica_8maggio%20ITA.pdf. [En ligne]. Accessed 8 May 2020."},{"key":"5841_CR5","first-page":"m60","volume":"368","author":"XW Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020;368:m60.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5841_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985","volume":"369","author":"AB Docherty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20\u2009133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1985.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"16","key":"5841_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","volume":"323","author":"G Grasselli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574\u201381.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"5841_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10223","key":"5841_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"5841_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sun W, Li J, Chen L, Wang Y, Zhang L, et al. Clinical features and progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome in coronavirus disease 2019. MedRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.17.20024166"},{"key":"5841_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1066","volume":"368","author":"SH Ebrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebrahim SH, Ahmed QA, Gozzer E, Schlagenhauf P, Memish ZA. COVID-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368:m1066.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"18","key":"5841_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6494","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186494","volume":"17","author":"M Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi M, Li P, Moyle W, Weeks B, Jones C. Physical activity, health-related quality of life, and stress among the Chinese adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6494.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5841_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"WJ Bryson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bryson WJ. Long-term health-related quality of life concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action. Qual Life Res. 2020;18:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"5841_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00008","volume":"25","author":"JE Ware Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ware JE Jr. SF-36 health survey update. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3130\u20139.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"23","key":"5841_CR15","first-page":"2526","volume":"307","author":"V Ranieri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ranieri V, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson B, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, Camporota L, Slutsky AS, Antonelli M, Anzueto A, Beale R, Brochard L, Brower R, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, Rhodes A, Vincent JL, Bersten A, Needham D, Pesenti A. The ARDS Definition Task Force. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526\u201333.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"5841_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1165-2","volume":"17","author":"S Batawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batawi S, Tarazan N, Al-Raddadi R, et al. Quality of life reported by survivors after hospitalization for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2019;17(1):101.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"5841_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01720.x","volume":"15","author":"JC Ngai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ngai JC, Ko FW, Ng SS, To KW, Tong M, Hui DS. The long-term impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity and health status. Respirology. 2010;15(3):543\u201350.","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"5841_CR18","unstructured":"Home care for patients with COVID-19 presenting with mild symptoms and management of their contacts. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/home-care-for-patients-with-suspected-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-presenting-with-mild-symptoms-and-management-of-contacts. [En ligne]. Accessed 15 May 2020."},{"issue":"9","key":"5841_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2020.04.027","volume":"2","author":"G Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma G, Volgman AS, Michos ED. Sex differences in mortality from COVID-19 pandemic: are men vulnerable and women protected? JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(9):1407\u201310.","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep"},{"key":"5841_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01071","volume":"10","author":"R Honce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of obesity on influenza a virus pathogenesis, immune response, and evolution. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1071.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5841_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","volume":"28","author":"A Simonnet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1195\u20139.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"9","key":"5841_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1506331","volume":"12","author":"AE Dixon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dixon AE, Peters U. The effect of obesity on lung function. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(9):755\u201367.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5841_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047659","volume":"142","author":"N Sattar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JJV. Obesity a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection: multiple potential mechanisms. Circulation. 2020;142(1):4\u20136.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"20","key":"5841_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10229","key":"5841_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"5841_CR26","unstructured":"Pranata R, Lim MA, Huang I, Raharjo SB, Lukito AA. Hypertension is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2020, 21(2):1470320320926899, pp. 1\u201311."},{"issue":"3","key":"5841_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_364_16","volume":"12","author":"SH Sadek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sadek SH, Khalifa WA, Azoz AM. Pulmonary consequences of hypothyroidism. Ann Thorac Med. 2017;12(3):204\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5841_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G33","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0445","volume":"183","author":"K Boelaert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boelaert K, Visser WE, Taylor PN, Moran C, Leger J, Persani L. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: management of hyper- and hypo- thyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G33\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"5841_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D, Li, X, Song, Q, et al. Hypokalemia and clinical implications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). medRxiv. Epub ahead of print 29 February 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.27.20028530"},{"issue":"3","key":"5841_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563220922255","volume":"57","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi G, South AM, Henry BM. Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ann Clin Biochem. 2020;57(3):262\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"5841_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202480","volume":"68","author":"OO Seminog","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seminog OO, Goldacre MJ. Risk of pneumonia and pneumococcal disease in people with severe mental illness: English record linkage studies. Thorax. 2013;68(2):171\u20136.","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"issue":"12","key":"5841_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30421-1","volume":"7","author":"SW Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee SW, Yang JM, Moon SY, et al. Association between mental illness and COVID-19 susceptibility and clinical outcomes in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(12):1025\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"5841_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202374","volume":"68","author":"E Obiora","year":"2013","unstructured":"Obiora E, Hubbard R, Sanders RD, Myles PR. The impact of benzodiazepines on occurrence of pneumonia and mortality from pneumonia: a nested case-control and survival analysis in a population-based cohort. Thorax. 2013;68(2):163\u201370.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"5841_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.019","volume":"30","author":"AK Bhandage","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhandage AK, Jin Z, Korol SV, et al. GABA Regulates Release of Inflammatory Cytokines From Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T Cells and Is Immunosuppressive in Type 1 Diabetes. EBioMedicine. 2018;30:283\u201394.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"5841_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827c0c8d","volume":"41","author":"RD Sanders","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanders RD, Godlee A, Fujimori T, et al. Benzodiazepine augmented \u03b3-amino-butyric acid signaling increases mortality from pneumonia in mice. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(7):1627\u201336.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5841_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017030","volume":"6","author":"AJ van Hoek","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Hoek AJ, Underwood A, Jit M, Miller E, Edmunds WJ. The impact of pandemic influenza H1N1 on health-related quality of life: a prospective population-based study. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e17030.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5841_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.016","volume":"89","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu Y, Chen Y, Zheng Y, You C, Tan J, Hu L, Zhang Z, Ding L. Factors related to mental health of inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:587\u201393.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"5841_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113345","volume":"292","author":"CH Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu CH, Stevens C, Conrad RC, Hahm HC. Evidence for elevated psychiatric distress, poor sleep, and quality of life concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic among U.S. young adults with suspected and reported psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113345.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05841-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05841-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05841-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T12:04:36Z","timestamp":1612181076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05841-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05841-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The ethics committee of the Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord approved verbal consent because of the urgency of the situation at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that the data used in this study were collected during routine medical procedures, which did not pose any additional risk to the patients. All participants provided fully informed verbal consent before being enrolled in this study. The data used in this study were anonymized prior to use.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"134"}}