{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:53:20Z","timestamp":1791323600599,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is diagnosed combining urinary symptoms with demonstration of urine culture growth above a given threshold. Our aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of Urine Flow Cytometry (UFC) with urine test strip in predicting bacterial growth and in identifying contaminated urine samples, and to derive an algorithm to identify relevant bacterial growth for clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Species identification and colony-forming unit (CFU\/ml) quantification from bacterial cultures were matched to corresponding cellular (leucocytes\/epithelial cells) and bacteria counts per \u03bcl. Results comprise samples analysed between 2013 and 2015 for which urine culture (reference standard) and UFC and urine test strip data (index tests, Sysmex UX-2000) were available.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>47,572 urine samples of 26,256 patients were analysed. Bacteria counts used to predict bacterial growth of \u226510<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/ml showed an accuracy with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of &gt;\u200993% compared to 82% using leukocyte counts. The relevant bacteriuria rule-out cut-off of 50 bacteria\/\u03bcl reached a negative predictive value of 98, 91 and 89% and the rule-in cut-off of 250 bacteria\/\u03bcl identified relevant bacteriuria with an overall positive predictive value of 67, 72 and 73% for microbiologically defined bacteriuria thresholds of 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>, 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> or 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/ml, respectively. Measured epithelial cell counts by UFC could not identify contaminated urine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prediction of a relevant bacterial growth by bacteria counts was most accurate and was a better predictor than leucocyte counts independently of the source of the urine and the medical specialty ordering the test (medical, surgical or others).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05893-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T13:03:29Z","timestamp":1614258209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Accuracy of urine flow cytometry and urine test strip in predicting relevant bacteriuria in different patient populations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Gehringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Regeniter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Rentsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tschudin-Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Egli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5893_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) summary. 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The need of a patient informed consent was waived by the ethics committee in accordance with Swiss law because the study included only anonymised laboratory test results.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"209"}}