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We hypothesized that\n                      <jats:italic>ANXA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene expression may be dysregulated in HTLV-1-infected HAM\/TSP patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study involved 37 individuals infected with HTLV-1, including 21 asymptomatic (AS) carriers and 16 with HAM\/TSP, and a control group of 30 individuals negative for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. For AS HTLV-1-positive and HAM\/TSP patients,\n                      <jats:italic>ANXA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and formyl peptide receptor (\n                      <jats:italic>FPR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>FPR2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>FPR3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) expression and HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in peripheral blood cells were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and plasma AnxA1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>ANXA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene expression was increased in the AS group compared with the HAM\/TSP and control groups, but the differences were not statistically significant.\n                      <jats:italic>FPR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene expression was higher in patients with HTLV-1 than in controls (AS,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0032; HAM\/TSP,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Plasma AnxA1 levels were higher in the AS group than in the HAM\/TSP group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0045), and PVL was higher in patients with HAM\/TSP than in AS individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0162). The use of a combined ROC curve using Annexin 1 levels and proviral load significantly increased the sensitivity and specificity to predict progression to HAM\/TSP (AUC\u2009=\u20090.851 and AUC\u2009=\u20090.937, respectively, to AUC\u2009=\u20091000).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that AnxA1 may be dysregulated in HAM\/TSP patients. Serological detection of AnxA1 in association with proviral load may provide a prognostic biomarker for HTLV-1-associated neurodegenerative disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05917-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T09:09:41Z","timestamp":1614244181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low Annexin A1 level in HTLV-1 infected patients is a potential biomarker for the clinical progression and diagnosis of HAM\/TSP"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Brasil","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Alice Freitas","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Arcoverde","family":"Cerveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Mendon\u00e7a","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ednelza","family":"da Silva Gra\u00e7a Amoras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Ara\u00fajo","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa Silva","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Ricardo","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Carlos Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Vallinoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5917_CR1","volume-title":"The Universal Virus Database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Budapest, Hungria","author":"ICTV","year":"2016","unstructured":"ICTV. 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