{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:41:01Z","timestamp":1791531661268,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54-CA225088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54-CA225088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-GM007753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM007753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009729","name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harvard MIT Center for Regulatory Sciences","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted supply chains for many types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), particularly surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs; \u201cmasks\u201d). As a consequence, an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the FDA has allowed use of industrial N95 respirators and importation of N95-type masks manufactured to international standards; these include KN95 masks from China and FFP2 masks from the European Union.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a survey of masks in the inventory of major academic medical centers in Boston, MA to determine provenance and manufacturer or supplier. We then assembled a testing apparatus at a university laboratory and performed a modified test of filtration performance using KCl and ambient particulate matter on masks from hospital inventories; an accompanying website shows how to build and use the testing apparatus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 100 different makes and models of traditional and nontraditional filtering facepiece respirators (N95-type masks) were in the inventory of surveyed U.S. teaching hospitals as opposed to 2\u20135 models under normal circumstances. A substantial number of unfamiliar masks are from unknown manufacturers. Many are not correctly labelled and do not perform to accepted standards and a subset are obviously dangerous; many of these masks are likely to be counterfeit. Due to the absence of publicly available information on mask suppliers and inconsistent labeling of KN95 masks, it is difficult to distinguish between legitimate and counterfeit products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many FFRs available for procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic do not provide levels of fit and filtration similar to those of N95 masks and are not acceptable for use in healthcare settings. Based on these results, and in consultation with occupational health officers, we make six recommendations to assist end users in acquiring legitimate products. Institutions should always assess masks from non-traditional supply chains by checking their markings and manufacturer information against data provided by NIOSH and the latest FDA EUA Appendix A. In the absence of verifiable information on the legitimacy of mask source, institutions should consider measuring mask fit and filtration directly. We also make suggestions for regulatory agencies regarding labeling and public disclosure aimed at increasing pandemic resilience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06008-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T05:02:37Z","timestamp":1627534957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Assessing the filtration efficiency and regulatory status of N95s and nontraditional filtering face-piece respirators available during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4218-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Plana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6410-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enze","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0014-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avilash K.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9455-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4546-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary M.","family":"Carmack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence T.","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1432-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry H.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjune","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhan","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole R.","family":"LeBoeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-8058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3364-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter K.","family":"Sorger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/men019","volume":"52","author":"RM Eninger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eninger RM, Honda T, Adhikari A, Heinonen-Tanski H, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA. Filter performance of N99 and N95 Facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles. Ann Occup Hyg. 2008;52(5):385\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annhyg\/men019.","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"6008_CR2","volume-title":"42 CFR Part 84 Respiratory Protective Devices | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 42 CFR Part 84 Respiratory Protective Devices | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Feb 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/topics\/respirators\/pt84abs2.html"},{"key":"6008_CR3","volume-title":"Technical Bulletin. Revision 4. [Internet]. 3M","author":"Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes. Technical Bulletin. Revision 4. [Internet]. 3M; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1791500O\/comparison-ffp2-kn95-n95-filtering-facepiece-respirator-classes-tb.pdf"},{"key":"6008_CR4","volume-title":"Ancillary Respirator Information, Healthcare FAQs | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ancillary Respirator Information, Healthcare FAQs | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/topics\/respirators\/disp_part\/respsource3healthcare.html"},{"key":"6008_CR5","unstructured":"Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide [Internet]. World Health Organization. [cited 2020 Jun 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide"},{"key":"6008_CR6","volume-title":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA","author":"Emergency Use Authorizations [Internet]","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emergency Use Authorizations [Internet]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA; 2020 [cited 2020 May 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/emergency-situations-medical-devices\/emergency-use-authorizations"},{"key":"6008_CR7","volume-title":"FDA Emergency Use Authorization: NIOSH-Approved Air Purifying Respirators for Use in Health Care Settings [Internet]","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2020","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Emergency Use Authorization: NIOSH-Approved Air Purifying Respirators for Use in Health Care Settings [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/135763\/download"},{"key":"6008_CR8","volume-title":"FDA Emergency Use Authorization: Authorized Imported, Non-NIOSH Disposable Filtering Facepiece Respirators [Internet]","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2020","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Emergency Use Authorization: Authorized Imported, Non-NIOSH Disposable Filtering Facepiece Respirators [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136403\/download"},{"key":"6008_CR9","volume-title":"FDA Emergency Use Authorization: Non-NIOSH Approved Disposable Filtering Facepiece Respirators Manufactured in China [Internet]","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2020","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Emergency Use Authorization: Non-NIOSH Approved Disposable Filtering Facepiece Respirators Manufactured in China [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136664\/download"},{"key":"6008_CR10","volume-title":"NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]","author":"International Respirator Assessment Request","year":"2020","unstructured":"International Respirator Assessment Request | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/respirators\/testing\/NonNIOSH.html"},{"key":"6008_CR11","unstructured":"CEN\/TC 79 - Respiratory protective devices [Internet]. CEN- European Committee on Standardization. [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/standards.cen.eu\/dyn\/www\/f?p=204:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:32928,6062&cs=1FC98AD34A5EE26A0CB5A6155ED4D6E5E"},{"key":"6008_CR12","volume-title":"NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]","author":"International Assessment Results","year":"2020","unstructured":"International Assessment Results | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/respirators\/testing\/NonNIOSHresults.html"},{"key":"6008_CR13","volume-title":"KN95 Respirator Test Results [Internet]. Mass.gov","author":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts. KN95 Respirator Test Results [Internet]. Mass.gov. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/kn95-respirator-test-results"},{"key":"6008_CR14","volume-title":"NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]","author":"Counterfeit Respirators \/ Misrepresentation of NIOSH-Approval","year":"2020","unstructured":"Counterfeit Respirators \/ Misrepresentation of NIOSH-Approval | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/usernotices\/counterfeitResp.html"},{"issue":"8","key":"6008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.05.008","volume":"48","author":"SC Lam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lam SC, Suen LKP, Cheung TCC. Global risk to the community and clinical setting: flocking of fake masks and protective gears during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(8):964\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.05.008.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"19","key":"6008_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5317","volume":"323","author":"E Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston E, Desai A, Berkwits M. Sourcing personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1912\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5317.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"6008_CR17","unstructured":"Torbati, Y, Willis D. Federal Agencies Have Spent Millions on KN95 Masks, Often Without Knowing Who Made Them [Internet]. ProPublica. [cited 2020 Aug 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/federal-agencies-have-spent-millions-on-kn95-masks-often-without-knowing-who-made-them?token=NeFLGIpiIWUgGa61DRsO5KqljQI-2YWT"},{"key":"6008_CR18","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Personal Protective Equipment EUAs [cited 2020 Oct 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices\/personal-protective-equipment-euas"},{"key":"6008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Artenstein AW. In pursuit of PPE. N Engl J Med 2020;0(0):e46, 382, 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2010025.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010025"},{"key":"6008_CR20","unstructured":"3M\u2122 Qualitative Fit Test Apparatus FT-30, Bitter 1 EA\/Case [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.3m.com\/3M\/en_US\/company-us\/all-3m-products\/~\/3M-Qualitative-Fit-Test-Apparatus-FT-30-Bitter-1-EA-Case\/?N=5002385+3294795973&rt=rud"},{"key":"6008_CR21","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Determination of Particulate Filter Efficiency Level for N95 Series Filters Against Solid Particulates for Non-Powered, Air-Purifying Respirators Standard Test Procedure (STP). Procedure No TEB-APR-STP-0059. :9."},{"key":"6008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cramer AK, Plana D, Yang H, Carmack MM, Tian E, Sinha MS, et al. Analysis of SteraMist ionized hydrogen peroxide technology in the sterilization of N95 respirators and other PPE. Sci Rep. 2021 Dec;11(1):2051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-81365-7.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81365-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"6008_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209961","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.9961","volume":"3","author":"A Cramer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cramer A, Tian E, Galanek M, Lamere E, Li J, Gupta R, et al. Assessment of the qualitative fit test and quantitative single-pass filtration efficiency of disposable N95 masks following gamma irradiation. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e209961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.9961.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"6008_CR24","volume-title":"European Commission website","author":"CE marking [Internet]","year":"2016","unstructured":"CE marking [Internet]. European Commission website. 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 23]. Available from: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/growth\/single-market\/ce-marking_en"},{"key":"6008_CR25","volume-title":"Certified Equipment List | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet].","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Certified Equipment List | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/topics\/respirators\/cel\/default.html"},{"key":"6008_CR26","volume-title":"Respirator Trusted-Source Information | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet].","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respirator Trusted-Source Information | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/topics\/respirators\/disp_part\/respsource.html"},{"key":"6008_CR27","unstructured":"3M\u2122 Disposable Respirator, FFP2, Valved, K112 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.3m.com\/3M\/en_NG\/company-mea\/all-3m-products\/~\/3M-Disposable-Respirator-FFP2-Valved-K112\/?N=5002385+3294470405&rt=rud"},{"issue":"3","key":"6008_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.014","volume":"104","author":"LKP Suen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suen LKP, Guo YP, Ho SSK, Au-Yeung CH, Lam SC. Comparing mask fit and usability of traditional and nanofibre N95 filtering facepiece respirators before and after nursing procedures. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):336\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.014.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"6008_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.12.013","volume":"44","author":"SC Lam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lam SC, Lui AKF, Lee LYK, Lee JKL, Wong KF, Lee CNY. Evaluation of the user seal check on gross leakage detection of 3 different designs of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(5):579\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.12.013.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"6008_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McAvoy M, Bui A-TN, Hansen C, Plana D, Said JT, Yu Z, et al. 3D Printed frames to enable reuse and improve the fit of N95 and KN95 respirators. BMC Biomedical Engineering. 2021 Jun 7;3(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42490-021-00055-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42490-021-00055-7"},{"key":"6008_CR31","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Exhibit 1: Authorized Imported, Non-NIOSH Disposable Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFR) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices\/personal-protective-equipment-euas#exhibit1."},{"key":"6008_CR32","unstructured":"The Mass. Manufacturing Community Responds to COVID-19 | MassTech [Internet]. [cited 2020 May 9]. Available from: https:\/\/masstech.org\/M-ERT"},{"key":"6008_CR33","unstructured":"PPE Testing Resources \u2013 AFFOA [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 14]. Available from: http:\/\/go.affoa.org\/ppe-testing-resources\/"},{"key":"6008_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeidel ML, Kirk C, Linville-Engler B. Opening up new supply chains. N Engl J Med. 2020:e72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2009432.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009432"},{"key":"6008_CR35","volume-title":"FAQs on the EUAs for Non-NIOSH Approved Respirators During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Internet]. FDA. FDA","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2020","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FAQs on the EUAs for Non-NIOSH Approved Respirators During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Internet]. FDA. FDA; 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/emergency-situations-medical-devices\/faqs-euas-non-niosh-approved-respirators-during-covid-19-pandemic"},{"key":"6008_CR36","volume-title":"Surgical N95 Respirators | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgical N95 Respirators | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/topics\/respirators\/disp_part\/respsource3surgicaln95.html"},{"key":"6008_CR37","unstructured":"About NMPA [Internet]. National Medical Products Administration. [cited 2020 Jul 23]. Available from: http:\/\/english.nmpa.gov.cn\/aboutNMPA.html"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06008-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06008-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06008-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T05:04:10Z","timestamp":1627535050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06008-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06008-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.25.20161968","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"712"}}