{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:38:57Z","timestamp":1770521937092,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malaria and helminths diseases are co-endemic in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Immune responses from each of these pathogens interact, and these interactions may have implications on vaccines. The GMZ2 malaria vaccine candidate is a fusion protein of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) and glutamate rich protein (GLURP R0). GMZ2 has recently showed modest efficacy in a phase IIb multicenter trial. Here, we assessed the effect of hookworm (<jats:italic>Necator americanus<\/jats:italic>) infection and anthelmintic treatment on naturally acquired antibody responses against GMZ2 and constituent antigens.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This longitudinal cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana. Blood and stool samples were taken from 158 individuals (4\u201388\u2009years old) infected with either <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> alone (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200959) or both hookworm and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200963) and uninfected endemic controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200936). Stool hookworm infection was detected by the Kato-Katz method and PCR. Malaria parasitaemia was detected by RDT, light microscopy and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>-specific 18S rRNA gene PCR<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold> Serum samples were obtained prior to hookworm treatment with a single dose of albendazole (400\u2009mg) and 3 weeks (21\u2009days) after treatment. Levels of IgG1, IgG3 and IgM against GMZ2, MSP3 and GLURP R0 were measured by ELISA and compared among the groups, before and after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participants with <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and hookworm co-infection had significantly higher IgG3 levels to GMZ2 than those with only <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection and negative control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) at baseline. Treatment with albendazole led to a significant reduction in IgG3 levels against both GMZ2 and GLURP R0. Similarly, IgM and IgG1 levels against MSP3 also decreased following deworming treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Individuals with co-infection had higher antibody responses to GMZ2 antigen. Treatment of hookworm\/malaria co-infection resulted in a reduction in antibody responses against GMZ2 and constituent antigens after albendazole treatment. Thus, hookworm infection and treatment could have a potential implication on malaria vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06027-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T11:03:52Z","timestamp":1617879832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of hookworm infection and anthelmintic treatment on naturally acquired antibody responses against the GMZ2 malaria vaccine candidate and constituent antigens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Amoani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Gyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Asamoah","family":"Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Kwasi","family":"Abu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Victor","family":"Nuvor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Precious","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Sarkodie-Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ahenkorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sewor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duah","family":"Dwomoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Theisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6027_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-158","volume":"8","author":"L Reilly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reilly L, Magkrioti C, Mduluza T, Cavanagh DR, Mutapi F. 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Informed consent was obtained from all adult subjects and parent or legal guardian of under 18 subjects. A written informed consent form was provided to each participant for their consent before being recruited into the study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"332"}}