{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:59:17Z","timestamp":1778173157353,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One of the leading long-term complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) includes renal dysfunction and urinary tract infections (UTI) which are considered to be prevalent in uncontrolled diabetes. Moreover, physiological factors like age, gender, duration of diabetes, other diabetic complications like neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy and glycosuria are also considered as predisposing factors for increased prevalence of UTI in diabetes which can be symptomatic or asymptomatic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional, multi-centre study including diabetic patients from 12 clinical sites spread across major cities of Pakistan. The inclusion criteria were adult Pakistani population of age between 18 to 75\u2009years both genders and suffering from T2DM irrespective of duration. A detailed clinical history of the past 3\u2009months was recorded and, biochemical investigations of blood samples were conducted. Urine culture analysis performed identified the type of pathogen present and was done only for asymptomatic patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 745 type 2 diabetic patients were initially screened, out of 545 patients considered for final analysis 501 (91.92%) were negative and the rest 44 (8.08%) had positive urine culture. Female gender had a significantly higher proportion of positive urine culture (77.27%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value&lt;\u20090.001). Body mass index and mean age had insignificant distribution among the two groups of positive and negative urine culture, with age 40\u201359\u2009years having higher proportion (70.45%) in the positive group. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was detected in most of the positive samples (52.3%). All bacterial samples were found resistant to Ciprofloxacin.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Diabetic Pakistani muslim\u00a0female patients are identified to be at high risk of suffering from\u00a0asymptomatic UTI and age more than 40\u2009years is an important risk factor. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was the most common causative organism among people living in this geographical area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06106-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T21:03:46Z","timestamp":1619471026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Asymptomatic urinary tract infections and associated risk factors in Pakistani Muslim type 2 diabetic patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Azizul Hasan","family":"Aamir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umar Yousuf","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed Ahmed","family":"Mahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal Masood","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Imtiaz","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Abbas","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irshad Ahmed","family":"Khosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jahanzeb","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahwish","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaffer Bin","family":"Baqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser A, Zhang N, Pluijm WV. 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BMJ Open. 2019;9(2):e025300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025300.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9-a Suppl","key":"6106_CR4","first-page":"S5","volume":"24","author":"A Cannon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cannon A, Handelsman Y, Heile M, Shannon M. Burden of illness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Manag Care Spec. 2018;24(9-a Suppl):S5\u2013S13.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec"},{"issue":"6","key":"6106_CR5","first-page":"647","volume":"18","author":"AH Gillani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gillani AH, Aziz MM, Masood I, Saqib A, Yang C, Chang J, et al. Direct and indirect cost of diabetes care among patients with type 2 diabetes in private clinics: a multicenter study in Punjab, Pakistan. Expert Rev Pharm Out. 2018;18(6):647\u201353.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharm Out"},{"issue":"8","key":"6106_CR6","first-page":"e5464","volume":"11","author":"R Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar R, Kumar R, Perswani P, Taimur M, Shah A, Shaukat F. 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