{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:34:54Z","timestamp":1778826894561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Salivary detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been proposed as an alternative to nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab testing. Our group previously published a study demonstrating that both testing methods identified SARS-CoV-2 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection methodology. We therefore conducted a follow-up study using antibody testing to evaluate the accuracy of saliva versus swabs for COVID-19 detection and the durability of antibody response.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Venous blood samples were collected from consenting participants and the presence of serum antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated on a large, automated immunoassay platform by the Roche anti-SARS-CoV-2 qualitative assay (Roche Diagnostics, Laval Quebec). Individuals with a serum antibody cut-off index (COI)\u2009\u2265\u20091.0 were considered positive.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients with a previously positive standard swab and\/or saliva SARS-CoV-2 PCR-test, 42 demonstrated antibodies with 13 patients positive by swab alone, and 8 patients positive by saliva alone.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite their status as \u2018current standard\u2019 for COVID-19 testing, these findings highlight limitations of PCR-based tests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06108-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T07:03:09Z","timestamp":1620111789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Salivary testing of COVID-19: evaluation of serological testing following positive salivary results"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Caulley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Corsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Poliquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kym","family":"Antonation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Johnson-Obaseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6108_CR1","first-page":"M20","volume":"174","author":"L Caulley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caulley L, Corsten M, Eapen L, Whelan J, Angel J, Antonation K, et al. Salivary detection of COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020;174(1):M20\u20134738 https:\/\/www.acpjournals.org\/doi\/10.7326\/M20-4738#t1-M204738.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"6108_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wong SCY, Tse H, Siu HK, Kwong TS, Chu MY, Yau FYS, Cheung IYY, Tse CWS, Poon KC, Cheung KC, Wu TC, Chan JWM, Cheuk W, Lung DC. Posterior Oropharyngeal Saliva for the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(11):2939\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa797.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa797"},{"issue":"1","key":"6108_CR3","first-page":"e45","volume":"81","author":"L Azzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azzi L, Carcano G, Gianfagna F, et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. J Inf Secur. 2020;81(1):e45\u201350.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"issue":"13","key":"6108_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016359","volume":"383","author":"AL Wyllie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, et al. Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab specimens for detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(13):1283\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2016359.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6108_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jamal AJ, Mozafarihashjin M, Coomes E, Powis J, Li AX, Paterson A, Anceva-Sami S, Barati S, Crowl G, Faheem A, Farooqi L, Khan S, Prost K, Poutanen S, Taylor M, Yip L, Zhong XZ, McGeer AJ, Mubareka S; Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network COVID-19 Investigators. Sensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Saliva for the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(6):1064-1066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa848.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa848"},{"key":"6108_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rao M, Rashid FA, Sabri FSAH, et al. Comparing nasopharyngeal swab and early morning saliva for the identification of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis. 2020:ciaa1156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1156 Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1156"},{"issue":"11","key":"6108_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203283","volume":"26","author":"RL Byrne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byrne RL, Kay GA, Kontogianni K, Aljayyoussi G, Brown L, Collins AM, et al. Saliva alternative to upper respiratory swabs for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(11):2770\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2611.203283.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"6108_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01946","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01946-20","volume":"58","author":"GW Procop","year":"2020","unstructured":"Procop GW, Shrestha NK, Vogel S, et al. A direct comparison of enhanced saliva to nasopharyngeal swab for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(11):e01946\u201320.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6108_CR9","unstructured":"Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Fda.gov. 2020 Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/137605\/download [cited 15 Nov 2020]."},{"issue":"7","key":"6108_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e283","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30120-8","volume":"1","author":"A Wajnberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wajnberg A, Mansour M, Leven E, Bouvier N, Patel G, Firpo-Betancourt A, et al. Humoral response and PCR positivity in patients with COVID-19 in the New York City region, USA: an observational study. Lancet Microbe. 2020;1(7):e283\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30120-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"10262","key":"6108_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32137-1","volume":"396","author":"GA Poland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates. Lancet. 2020;396(10262):1595\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32137-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"6108_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.004","volume":"53","author":"T Ripperger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ripperger T, Uhrlaub J, Watanabe M, Wong R, Castaneda Y, Pizzato H, et al. Orthogonal SARS CoV-2 serological assays enable surveillance of low-prevalence communities and reveal durable humoral immunity. Immunity. 2020;53(5):925\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.004.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"6108_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2025179","volume":"383","author":"FJ Ibarrondo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibarrondo FJ, Fulcher JA, Goodman-Meza D, Elliot J, Hofmann C, Hausner MA, et al. Rapid decay of anti-SARS-Cov-2 antibodies in persons with mild COVID-19. New Engl J Med. 2020;383(11):1085\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2025179.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06108-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06108-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06108-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T07:04:24Z","timestamp":1620111864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06108-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06108-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board (OHSN-REB). All participants included in this study provided informed consent to participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"410"}}