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Understanding the distribution of vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (VL\/CL) is one of the significant strategic frameworks to control leishmaniasis. In this study, the extent of the bioclimatic variability was investigated to recognize a rigorous cartographic of the spatial distribution of VL\/CL vectors as risk-maps using ArcGIS modeling system. Moreover, the effect of bioclimatic diversity on the fold change expression of genes possessing vaccine traits (SP15 and LeIF) was evaluated in each bioclimatic region using real-time PCR analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation method was used to obtain accurate geography map in closely-related distances. Bioclimatic indices were computed and vectors spatial distribution was analyzed in ArcGIS10.3.1 system. Species biodiversity was calculated based on Shannon diversity index using Rv.3.5.3. Expression fold change of SP15 and LeIF genes was evaluated using cDNA synthesis and RT-qPCR analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frequency of<jats:italic>Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>was predominant in plains areas of Mountainous bioclimate covering the CL hot spots. Mediterranean region was recognized as an important bioclimate harboring prevalent patterns of VL vectors. Semi-arid bioclimate was identified as a major contributing factor to up-regulate salivary-SP15 gene expression (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0050,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Also, Mediterranean bioclimate had considerable effect on up-regulation of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-LeIF gene in gravid and semi-gravid<jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>population (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0109,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diversity and spatial distribution of CL\/VL vectors associated with bioclimatic regionalization obtained in our research provide epidemiological risk maps and establish more effectively control measures against leishmaniasis. Oscillations in gene expression indicate that each gene has its own features, which are profoundly affected by bioclimatic characteristics and physiological status of sand flies. Given the efficacy of species-specific antigens for vaccine production, it is essential to consider bioclimatic factors that have a fundamental role in affecting the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci for genes used in vaccine design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06129-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T13:09:23Z","timestamp":1621429763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Species diversity and spatial distribution of CL\/VL vectors: assessing bioclimatic effect on expression plasticity of genes possessing vaccine properties isolated from wild-collected sand flies in endemic areas of Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Bordbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parviz","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"6129_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Although, there are no ethical concerns regarding any of the animal models in this research, The Research Ethics Certificate of the project is available online via(Ethics Approval ID: IR.PII.REC.1398.050, Iran National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research) and evaluated by Pasteur Institute of Iran. Field working and collection of sand fly specimens was in accordance with the officially permitted work mission issued by the Pasteur Institute of Iran (Pasteur Approved project No. 562) and complied with the appropriate permissions of local legislation.Also, it was not necessary to obtain any kind of administrative permissions and\/or licenses to access the data used in this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"455"}}