{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:28:46Z","timestamp":1780471726911,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rat bite fever (RBF) is a rare systemic febrile illness transmitted by rats. <jats:italic>Streptobacillus moniliformis<\/jats:italic> is a pleomorphic Gram-negative bacillus which is the usual etiologic organism for rat bite fever in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here we present a case of rat bite fever complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis. The patient revealed an exposure history of being bitten by pet rats. The patient\u2019s symptoms dramatically improved with a six-week course of cephalexin therapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>It is important to obtain a thorough zoonotic exposure history and maintain rat bite fever in the differential when considering potential causes of discitis and osteomyelitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06172-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T17:03:33Z","timestamp":1622048613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Rat bite fever with osteomyelitis and discitis: case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6172_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1177694","volume":"7","author":"T Eisenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eisenberg T, Ewers C, Rau J, Akimkin V, Nicklas W. Approved and novel strategies in diagnostics of rat bite fever and other Streptobacillus infections in humans and animals. Virulence. 2016;7(6):630\u201348 Cited 2021 Feb 28.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"6172_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberg T, Nicklas W, Mauder N, Rau J, Contzen M, Semmler T, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of members of the genus Streptobacillus. PLoS One. 2015;10(8) Cited 2021 Feb 28.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134312"},{"issue":"1","key":"6172_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00016-06","volume":"20","author":"SP Elliott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elliott SP. Rat bite fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(1):13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00016-06.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6172_CR4","volume-title":"Feigin and Cherry\u2019s textbook of pediatric infectious diseases","author":"KA DuBray","year":"2019","unstructured":"DuBray KA, Glaser CA. Streptobacillus moniliformis (rat-bite fever). In: Cherry J, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, editors. Feigin and Cherry\u2019s textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. Cited 2020 May 23.","edition":"8"},{"key":"6172_CR5","unstructured":"Royer N. The history of fancy rats: American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.afrma.org\/historyrat.htm. Cited 2020 May 30"},{"issue":"6","key":"6172_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key046","volume":"57","author":"M Abusalameh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abusalameh M, Mahankali-Rao P, Earl S. Discitis caused by rat bite fever in a rheumatoid arthritis patient on tocilizumab \u2013 first ever case. Rheumatology. 2018;57(6):1118\u201320 Cited 2020 May 30.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"6172_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pena MER, Jord\u00e3o S, Sim\u00f5es MJ, Oleastro M, Neves I. A rare cause of vertebral osteomyelitis: the first case report of rat-bite fever in Portugal. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0328-2019.","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0328-2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"6172_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1642-6","volume":"8","author":"T Nei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nei T, Sato A, Sonobe K, Miura Y, Takahashi K, Saito R. Streptobacillus moniliformis bacteremia in a rheumatoid arthritis patient without a rat bite: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8(1):694 Cited 2020 May 30.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"6172_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i57","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu096.001","volume":"53","author":"T Adizie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adizie T, Gayed M, Ravindran J. Rat bite fever causing septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in a young man. Rheumatology. 2014;53(suppl_1):i57.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"6172_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00744-08","volume":"46","author":"D Dubois","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubois D, Robin F, Bouvier D, Delmas J, Bonnet R, Lesens O, et al. Streptobacillus moniliformis as the causative agent in spondylodiscitis and psoas abscess after rooster scratches. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(8):2820\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00744-08.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6172_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7270413","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7270413","volume":"2016","author":"R Akter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akter R, Boland P, Daley P, Rahman P, Al Ghanim N. Rat bite fever resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2016;2016:7270413.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6172_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.01.023","volume":"22","author":"R Sato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sato R, Kuriyama A, Nasu M. Rat-bite fever complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis: a case report. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22(8):574\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.01.023.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"6172_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03139-12","volume":"51","author":"DD Flannery","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flannery DD, Akinboyo I, Ty JM, Averill LW, Freedman A. Septic arthritis and concern for osteomyelitis in a child with rat bite fever. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1987\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.03139-12.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6172_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161987","volume":"23","author":"T Eisenberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eisenberg T, Poignant S, Jouan Y, Fawzy A, Nicklas W, Ewers C, et al. Acute tetraplegia caused by rat bite fever in snake keeper and transmission of Streptobacillus moniliformis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:719\u201321 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6172_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa197","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa197","volume":"7","author":"PA Kache","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kache PA, Person MK, Seeman SM, McQuiston JR, McCollum J, Traxler RM. Rat-bite fever in the United States: an analysis using multiple national data sources, 2001\u20132015. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(6):ofaa197.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06172-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06172-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06172-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T17:05:26Z","timestamp":1622048726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06172-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06172-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Our case report does not meet criteria for required review by SUNY Upstate\u2019s (our institution) IRB ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written consent for publication was obtained from the patient. A copy of the written consent form can be made available for the editor to review under reasonable request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors report no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"479"}}