{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T17:29:34Z","timestamp":1794158974446,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive non-spore-forming rods usually found in the microbiota of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genitourinary tract. Also, they are commonly used in the food industry as supplements and probiotics. Lactobacilli are normally considered non-pathogenic to the human body, however, under certain circumstances such as immunosuppression, they can cause severe infections, with only a few cases of bacteremia, infective endocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis, and intra-abdominal infections reported. Among these presentations, a pyogenic liver abscess is rather rare.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We describe the case of a 59-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and multiple abdominal surgeries with the latest being in 2014 presenting with bacteremia and multiple large pyogenic liver abscesses due to <jats:italic>Lactobacillus gasseri<\/jats:italic>, which did not appear to be related to the use of probiotics or immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Given the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the increased use of probiotics, it is expected that in the future we will see an increase in infections caused by Lactobacilli. Medical management with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage were successful strategies for the treatment of this unusual case of pyogenic liver abscesses and bacteremia caused by <jats:italic>Lactobacillus gasseri<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06181-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T12:11:34Z","timestamp":1622635894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Lactobacillus gasseri liver abscess and bacteremia: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Ramos-Coria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Canto-Losa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carrillo-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Carbajal-Morelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Estrada-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9807-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Corona-Rodarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6181_CR1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a wild boar as potential probiotics","author":"M Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li M, Wang Y, Cui H, et al. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a wild boar as potential probiotics; 2020. p. 7."},{"key":"6181_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.3783","volume":"73","author":"F Rocca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rocca F, Aguerre L, Cipolla L, et al. Lactobacillus spp invasive infections in Argentina. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;73:163.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6181_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0552-y","volume":"16","author":"M Sherid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherid M, Samo S, Sulaiman S, et al. Liver abscess and bacteremia caused by lactobacillus: role of probiotics? Case report and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol. 2016;16:138.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6181_CR4","first-page":"e5","volume":"53","author":"EM Salvana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salvana EM, Frank M. Lactobacillus endocarditis: case report and review of cases reported since 1992. J Inf Secur. 2006;53:e5\u2013e10.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"6181_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232470961774423","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709617744233","volume":"5","author":"P Ambesh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ambesh P, Stroud S, Franzova E, et al. Recurrent Lactobacillus bacteremia in a patient with leukemia. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2017;5:2324709617744233.","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"6181_CR6","first-page":"e6887","volume":"12","author":"S Sendil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sendil S, Shrimanker I, Mansoora Q, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteremia in an immunocompromised renal transplant patient. Cureus. 2020;12:e6887.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"6181_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rossi F, Amadoro C, Colavita G. Members of the Lactobacillus genus complex (LGC) as opportunistic pathogens: a review. Microorganisms. 2019;7(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7050126.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050126"},{"issue":"12","key":"6181_CR8","first-page":"1646","volume":"85","author":"H Isobe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Isobe H, Fukai T, Iwamoto H, Satoh M, Tokumatsu M, Sakai H, et al. Liver abscess complicating intratumoral ethanol injection therapy for HCC. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85(12):1646\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6181_CR9","first-page":"193","volume":"20","author":"L Larvol","year":"1996","unstructured":"Larvol L, Monier A, Besnier P, Levecq H. Liver abscess caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1996;20(2):193\u20135.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6181_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1086\/514766","volume":"28","author":"M Rautio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H, Pietarinen I, Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, et al. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(5):1159\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/514766.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6181_CR11","first-page":"100","volume":"5","author":"R Notario","year":"2003","unstructured":"Notario R, Leardini N, Borda N, et al. Hepatic abscess and bacteremia due to Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2003;5:100\u20131.","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"6181_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000094041","volume":"73","author":"S Cukovic-Cavka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cukovic-Cavka S, Likic R, Francetic I, Rustemovic N, Opacic M, Vucelic B. Lactobacillus acidophilus as a cause of liver abscess in a NOD2\/CARD15-positive patient with Crohn's disease. Digestion. 2006;73(2-3):107\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000094041.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"1","key":"6181_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0703500120","volume":"35","author":"D Burns","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burns D, Hurst JR, Hopkins S, et al. Purpura Fulminans associated with Lactobacillus paracasei liver abscess. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35(1):121\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0310057X0703500120.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"6181_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.08.009","volume":"66","author":"JF Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan JF, Lau SK, Woo PC, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus hepatic abscess associated with Mirizzi syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;66:94\u20137.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6181_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2016218423","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-218423","volume":"2017","author":"A Pararajasingam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pararajasingam A, Uwagwu J. Lactobacillus: the not so friendly bacteria. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:bcr2016218423.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"6181_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2019.1607704","volume":"9","author":"AM Omar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Omar AM, Ahmadi N, Ombada M, et al. Breaking bad: a case of Lactobacillus bacteremia and liver abscess. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2019;9:235\u20139.","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"6181_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00459-8","volume":"2","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaplan GG, Gregson DB, Laupland KB. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:1032\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"6181_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1086\/513201","volume":"44","author":"RW Thomsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thomsen RW, Jepsen P, S\u00f8rensen HT. Diabetes mellitus and pyogenic liver abscess: risk and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1194\u2013201.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"6181_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1086\/425616","volume":"39","author":"J Rahimian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rahimian J, Wilson T, Oram V, Holzman RS. Pyogenic liver abscess: recent trends in etiology and mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(11):1654\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/425616.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6181_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70120-3","volume":"14","author":"EC Johannsen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johannsen EC, Sifri CD, Madoff LC. Pyogenic liver abscesses. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2000;14:547\u201363 vii.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"6181_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00088-9","volume":"46","author":"RF Chemaly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chemaly RF, Hall GS, Keys TF, et al. Microbiology of liver abscesses and the predictive value of abscess gram stain and associated blood cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;46:245\u20138.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"6181_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12326","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012326","volume":"97","author":"W-J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang W-J, Tao Z, Wu H-L. Etiology and clinical manifestations of bacterial liver abscess: a study of 102 cases. Medicine. 2018;97:e12326.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"6181_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70154-0","volume":"30","author":"CM Akbari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akbari CM, Logerfo FW. Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. JJ Vasc Surg. 1999;30:373\u201384.","journal-title":"JJ Vasc Surg"},{"key":"6181_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/342912","volume":"35","author":"MK Salminen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salminen MK, Tynkkynen S, Rautelin H, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1155\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"6181_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518781256","volume":"46","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhang M, Chen J, Ning Y, Cai X, Zhang L, et al. Cryptogenic and non-cryptogenic liver abscess: a retrospective analysis of 178 cases revealed distinct characteristics. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(9):3824\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060518781256.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"6181_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1086\/380455","volume":"38","author":"MK Salminen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:62\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6181_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1253-y","volume":"24","author":"JP Cannon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cannon JP, Lee TA, Bolanos JT, et al. Pathogenic relevance of Lactobacillus: a retrospective review of over 200 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24:31\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06181-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06181-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06181-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1622687314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06181-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06181-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Patient consent was achieved to publish their clinical features, always maintaining any personal information under anonymity, according to our Institutional Ethics Committee in compliance with the Helsinki declaration.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written consent for publication of this case report and accompanying images was obtained from the patient.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"518"}}