{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:39:21Z","timestamp":1767847161750,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>NEW LAV BLOT I and II (LAV I and LAV II), they were only option for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) confirmatory test, following HIV screening test using HIV Ag\/Ab combination test in Japan. We evaluated the performance of Geenius HIV-1\/2 Confirmatory Assay (Geenius), both as a confirmatory test and for differentiation between HIV-1 and HIV-2, in comparison with LAV I and LAV II.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighty-nine HIV-1-positive plasma specimens, one anti-HIV-1 low-titer performance panel, 10 seroconversion panels, and two anti-HIV-1\/2 combo performance panels were tested. The results were read with the Geenius Reader and by visual reading.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All 89 HIV-1-positive plasma specimens were identified as HIV-1-positive using Geenius; this 100% success rate was superior to that with LAV I (95.5% using WHO criteria, 98.9% using CDC criteria). The HIV-1-positive specimens showed low cross-reactivity with HIV-2 lines in Geenius. The sensitivity of Geenius for HIV-1 detection was the same as or greater than that of LAV I, but less than that of Genscreen HIV Ag-Ab ULT, in our analysis of the commercial performance and seroconversion panels. In contrast, five of the 13 HIV-2-positive specimens that had been identified as HIV-positive untypable by visual reading because of their cross-reactivity to HIV-1 lines were successfully identified by the Geenius Reader as HIV-2-positive with cross-reactivity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Geenius provides strong performance for HIV confirmatory tests and HIV-1 differentiation tests. However, when visual reading is used, its performance in HIV-2 differentiation is less reliable. Because HIV-2 infection has been sporadically reported in Japan, the use of the Geenius Reader is preferable to ensure more reliable HIV-1\/HIV-2 differentiation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06291-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1623664983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Geenius HIV-1\/2 Confirmatory Assay for the confirmatory and differential diagnosis of HIV-1\/HIV-2 in Japan and reliability of the Geenius Reader in the diagnosis of HIV-2"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kusagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Kawana-Tachikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Matsubayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Ishimaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1089\/088922203322588413","volume":"19","author":"S Kusagawa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kusagawa S, Imamura Y, Yasuoka A, Hoshino H, Oka S, Takebe Y. Identification of HIV type 2 subtype B transmission in East Asia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003;19:1045\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/088922203322588413 PMID: 14686325.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"6291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32827b1477","volume":"21","author":"T Utsumi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Utsumi T, Nagakawa H, Uenishi R, Kusagawa S, Takebe Y. An HIV-2-infected Japanese man who was a long-term nonprogressor for 36 years. AIDS. 2007;21:1834\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32827b1477 PMID: 17690592.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"6291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181dc98c1","volume":"54","author":"S Ibe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ibe S, Yokomaku Y, Shiino T, Tanaka R, Hattori J, Fujisaki S, et al. HIV-2 CRF01_AB:first circulating recombinant form of HIV-2. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (No. 1082).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"569"}}