{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:28:30Z","timestamp":1787020110068,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease, which mainly affects poor communities. It is one of the major vector-borne disease and endemic in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case-control study to evaluate potential risk factors of human-CL was conducted in Khewra region, District Jhelum, Pakistan from January\u2013April 2014. Case data about 90 cases registered during October 2012 to November 2013 was retrieved from Municipal Hospital. Controls were matched (1,1 ratio) on the date of registration with cases from same hospital. Both cases and controls were invited to participate and data was collected in a face-to-face interview. A prospective study of canine leishmaniasis (canine-CL) was also conducted at Civil Veterinary Hospital in the same area. Suspected dogs with skin ulceration signs were included in the study and blood samples were collected. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine association between various parameters and outcome of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ages of cases ranged from 1 to 76\u2009years (median\u2009=\u200915\u2009years) and proved to be protective factor i.e. increase in each year in age reduced the likelihood of being infected with human-CL [Odds Ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.25\u20130.76]. People sleeping outsides in an open area were more likely to become a case (OR\u2009=\u20098.7, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.90\u201326.37) than a control. Poor sanitary condition inside the house (OR\u2009=\u20093.3, 95% CI 1.03\u201310.56) and presence of other animals in house (livestock, poultry) (OR\u2009=\u20093.6, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.07\u201312.12) also identified as risk factors of high significance. The proportion of positive dogs with canine-CL was 21.05% and was significantly associated with human-CL cases in the same area (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We concluded that adopting self-protections measures against sand-fly, and maintaining good hygiene may lower the risk of human-CL. One-Health Strategy is suggested to control leishmaniasis in human and dog population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T07:04:26Z","timestamp":1625036666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Behzad","family":"Kayani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakera","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad Bin","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naseer","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altaf","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shakeel","family":"Khaliq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubab","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroon","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hassan","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubaid-ur-Rehman","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoona","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6327_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","volume":"17","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick R. The biology and control of Phlebotomine sand flies. Clin Dermatol. 1999;17(3):279\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6327_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004","volume":"22","author":"J Alvar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alvar J, Yactayo S, Bern C. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol. 2006;22(12):552\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6327_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","volume":"7","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reithinger R, Dujardin J-C, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(9):581\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"6327_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003131","volume":"8","author":"S Leta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leta S, Dao THT, Mesele F, Alemayehu G. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: an evolving disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(9):e3131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003131.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6327_CR5","unstructured":"Leishmania fact sheet number 375. 2016. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs375\/en\/]. Accessed 10 Dec 2016."},{"issue":"5","key":"6327_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27(5):305\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6327_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00057-0","volume":"14","author":"P Desjeux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: public health aspects and control. Clin Dermatol. 1996;14(5):417\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00057-0.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"6327_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1575-9_5","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis: the current status and new strategies for control","author":"MA Munir","year":"1989","unstructured":"Munir MA, Rab MA, Iqbal J, Ghafoor A, Khan MA, Burney MI. A Review of the Status of Leishmaniasis in Pakistan from 1960\u20131986. In: Hart DT, editor. Leishmaniasis: the current status and new strategies for control. Boston: Springer US; 1989. p. 47\u201356."},{"issue":"2","key":"6327_CR9","first-page":"263","volume":"43","author":"AZ Durrani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durrani AZ, Durrani HZ, Kamal N, Mehmood N. Prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 2011;43(2):263\u201371.","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"6327_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5070\/D34ZZ1K7JX","volume":"13","author":"A Ejaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ejaz A, Raza N, Iftikhar N. Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as sporotrichoid abscesses: a rare presentation near Afghanistan border. Dermatol Online J. 2007;13(2):15.","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J."},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5070\/D325B5X6B4","volume":"11","author":"SJ Khan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khan SJ, Muneeb S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Dermatol Online J. 2005;11(1):4.","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"6327_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359145","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/359145","volume":"2011","author":"AK Afghan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Afghan AK, Kassi M, Kasi PM, Ayub A, Kakar N, Marri SM. Clinical manifestations and distribution of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan. J Trop Med. 2011;2011:359145.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6327_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90285-7","volume":"93","author":"M Rowland","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rowland M, Munir A, Durrani N, Noyes H, Reyburn H. An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an Afghan refugee settlement in north-West Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93(2):133\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90285-7.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.170358","volume":"24","author":"M Hussain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussain M, Munir S, Khan TA, Khan A, Ayaz S, Jamal MA, et al. Epidemiology of cutaneous Leishmaniasis outbreak, Waziristan, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(1):159\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2401.170358.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"6327_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000259","volume":"2","author":"M Kassi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kassi M, Kassi M, Afghan AK, Rehman R, Kasi PM. Marring leishmaniasis: the stigmatization and the impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan and Afghanistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(10):e259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000259.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6327_CR16","unstructured":"The only option for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 2019. [https:\/\/www.msf.org\/only-option-cutaneous-leishmaniasis-treatment-pakistan]. Accessed 13 Nov 2020."},{"key":"6327_CR17","unstructured":"Khewra:city in Punjab, Pakistan. 2017. [https:\/\/www.citypopulation.de\/Pakistan-Punjab.html]. Accessed 20 Jan 2020."},{"key":"6327_CR18","volume-title":"DAWN","author":"F Khaliq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khaliq F. Khewra mines: a salt wonder for tourists. In: DAWN; 2019."},{"key":"6327_CR19","unstructured":"Salt Range. 2019. [http:\/\/www.tdcp.gop.pk\/page.php?pid=260]. Accessed 10 Nov 2020."},{"key":"6327_CR20","volume-title":"Islamabad","author":"Anonymous","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anonymous. Weekly Bullitin: DEWS, Pakistan. In: Islamabad; 2013."},{"key":"6327_CR21","unstructured":"Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2020. [http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/neglected-tropical-diseases\/information-resources-leishmaniasis\/cl-factsheet.html]. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"6327_CR22","volume-title":"Case-control studies : design, conduct, analysis","author":"JJ Schlesselman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schlesselman JJ. Case-control studies : design, conduct, analysis. New YorkUnited States of America: Oxford University Press Inc; 1982."},{"key":"6327_CR23","volume-title":"Package \u2018epiR\u2019. In., 0.9\u201346 edn","author":"M Stevenson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevenson M. Package \u2018epiR\u2019. In., 0.9\u201346 edn; 2013."},{"key":"6327_CR24","volume-title":"R 2.14.0 GUI 1.42 edn","author":"Team RDC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Team RDC. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. In: R 2.14.0 GUI 1.42 edn. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2011."},{"key":"6327_CR25","volume-title":"R package version 2.36\u201310","author":"T Therneau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Therneau T, Lumley T. Survival: Survival analysis, including penalised likelihood. In: R package version 2.36\u201310; 2011."},{"key":"6327_CR26","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiologic research","author":"I Dohoo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dohoo I, Martin W, Stryhn H. Veterinary epidemiologic research. Charlottetown: AVC Inc.; 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0444-4","volume":"40","author":"F Sasani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sasani F, Javanbakht J, Samani R, Shirani D. Canine cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(1):57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-014-0444-4.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1541-2","volume":"9","author":"G Baneth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baneth G, Nachum-Biala Y, Shabat Simon M, Brenner O, Gaier S, Rojas A, et al. Leishmania major infection in a dog with cutaneous manifestations. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1541-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"6327_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2000.00318.x","volume":"22","author":"AH Moody","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moody AH, Chiodini PL. Methods for the detection of blood parasites. Clin Lab Haematol. 2000;22(4):189\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2000.00318.x.","journal-title":"Clin Lab Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6327_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alvar J, V\u00e9lez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, et al. Boer md, the WHOLCT: Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"6327_CR31","first-page":"445","volume":"53","author":"S Ayub","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ayub S, Gramiccia M, Khalid M, Mujtaba G, Bhutta RA. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Multan: species identification. J Pak Med Assoc. 2003;53(10):445\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"6327_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040179","volume":"10","author":"S Brooker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brooker S, Mohammed N, Adil K, Agha S, Reithinger R, Rowland M, et al. Leishmaniasis in refugee and local Pakistani populations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1681\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1009.040179.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6327_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.11.003","volume":"98","author":"J Kolaczinski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kolaczinski J, Brooker S, Reyburn H, Rowland M. Epidemiology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghan refugee camps in Northwest Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(6):373\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.11.003.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6327_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324140","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/324140","volume":"2013","author":"A Kent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kent A, Ramkalup P, Mans D, Schallig H. Is the dog a possible reservoir for cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Suriname? J Trop Med. 2013;2013:324140.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"6327_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oryan A, Akbari M. Worldwide risk factors in leishmaniasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2016;9(10):925\u201332.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.06.021"},{"key":"6327_CR36","unstructured":"Oryan A, Alidadi S, Akbari M: Risk Factors Associated With Leishmaniasis. Trop Med Surg. 2014;2(3):e118."},{"key":"6327_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4093603","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4093603","volume":"2019","author":"Y Siriwardana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siriwardana Y, Zhou G, Deepachandi B, Akarawita J, Wickremarathne C, Warnasuriya W, et al. Trends in recently emerged Leishmania donovani induced cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka, for the first 13 years. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:4093603.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"6327_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1645\/15-919","volume":"102","author":"K Ullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ullah K, Khan NH, Sepulveda N, Munir A, Wahid S. Assessing incidence patterns and risk factors for cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peshawar region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Parasitol. 2016;102(5):501\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/15-919.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"6327_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akhlagh A, Salehzadeh A, Zahirnia AH, Davari B: 10-Year Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Hamadan Province, West of Iran (2007\u20132016). Front Public Health. 2019;7(27). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00027.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00027"},{"issue":"3","key":"6327_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000639","volume":"4","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Leslie T. Risk factors for anthroponotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis at the household level in Kabul, Afghanistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(3):e639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000639.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6327_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.12.004","volume":"106","author":"J Votypka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Votypka J, Kasap OE, Volf P, Kodym P, Alten B. Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cukurova region, Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106(3):186\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.12.004.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6327_CR42","first-page":"212","volume":"18","author":"AM Bhutto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhutto AM, Soomro FR, Katakura K. Leishmaniasis in Sindh, Pakistan: outbreak and review of literature. J Pak Assoc Dermatol. 2008;18:212\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pak Assoc Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2005121045","volume":"12","author":"E Velo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Velo E, Paparisto A, Bongiorno G, Di Muccio T, Khoury C, Bino S, et al. Entomological and parasitological study on phlebotomine sandflies in central and northern Albania. Parasite. 2005;12(1):45\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2005121045.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"issue":"2","key":"6327_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.016","volume":"39","author":"M Svobodov\u00e1","year":"2009","unstructured":"Svobodov\u00e1 M, Alten B, Z\u00eddkov\u00e1 L, Dvor\u00e1k V, Hlavackov\u00e1 J, Myskov\u00e1 J, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by Phlebotomus tobbi. Int J Parasitol. 2009;39(2):251\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.016.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"s1","key":"6327_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00131.x","volume":"36","author":"GC M\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller GC, Kravchenko VD, Rybalov L, Schlein Y. Characteristics of resting and breeding habitats of adult sand flies in the Judean Desert. J Vector Ecol. 2011;36(s1):S195\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00131.x.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6327_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.26719\/2003.9.4.816","volume":"9","author":"MR Yaghoobi-Ershadi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AV, Abai MR, Ebrahimi B, Vafaei-Nezhad R, et al. Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2003;9(4):816\u201326.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227697","volume":"15","author":"I Ngere","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ngere I, Gufu Boru W, Isack A, Muiruri J, Obonyo M, Matendechero S, et al. Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya, 2016. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227697.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6327_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.34","volume":"81","author":"S Bashaye","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bashaye S, Nombela N, Argaw D, Mulugeta A, Herrero M, Nieto J, et al. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81(1):34\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.34.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T22:29:12Z","timestamp":1672612152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol and consent procedure were approved by the Institutional Review Committee for Biomedical Research, (Reference No. 077\/IRC\/BMR) (For Humans) and Advanced Study and Research Board (ASRB) of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan (for Animals).For human subjects, all participants and their attendees were briefed about the purpose of research, interview and questions, voluntary participation and other aspects of the study. Confidentiality of data were maintained during study and analysis. All procedures and methods were carried out according to Helsinki Declaration 2013. A trained medical doctor or paramedic staff registered with Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) collected the samples from human subjects.For animal patients, a trained veterinary staff, registered with Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council (PVMC), collected the blood samples from dog according to standard guidelines and procedures. All suspected dogs were provided with adequate water and food. Animals were properly restrained and a trained staff collected peripheral blood from brachial vein. We followed guidelines published by University of Minnesota Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, USA.For human participants, Informed consent was obtained from the individual patients and the parents (in case of minors). For animal cases, informed consent was obtained from the owner of the animal before taking samples and data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable as no human identifiable images are provided in the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"622"}}