{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:02Z","timestamp":1787941982468,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The bacterium <jats:italic>Campylobacter insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic> was first isolated from marine mammals of Scotland in 2004. Only one case of <jats:italic>C. insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic> infection in humans has been previously reported.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An 89-year-old Japanese man without dementia was admitted to our hospital, because he presented with a fever of 38\u2009\u00b0C and weakness in right leg since 5\u2009days. He had organized chronic subdural hematoma (CSH), and no history of pre-infection. At the time of admission, he had paralysis of the extraocular muscle, ataxia, and low manual muscle test score of the right side. He was suspected to have Miller Fisher syndrome; however, these symptoms improved without any treatment. On day 22 in the hospital, the patient presented a fever of 38.8\u2009\u00b0C, left cranial nerve disorder, and hemiplegia. On day 25, the patient presented with signs of meningeal irritation; cerebrospinal fluid examination indicated an increase in the number of apocytes and a low glucose level. A contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the patient\u2019s head indicated a contrast enhancement effect in his right meninges. The blood culture showed presence of spirillums; 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that the spirillums in the blood culture were <jats:italic>Campylobacter insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic>). We started treatment with meropenem for bacteremia and meningitis. When the symptoms improved, meropenem was replaced with ampicillin, based on the result of the drug sensitivity test. The treatment continued for 4\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We report the first case of meningitis caused by <jats:italic>C. insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic> bacteremia in humans, and the second clinical report of <jats:italic>C. insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic> infection in humans. The bacterial strains isolated from humans and marine mammals had different genotypes. This suggests that different genotypes could be responsible for differences in the hosts. Further case studies are needed to establish the reasons behind the difference in the manifestations of <jats:italic>C. insulaenigrae<\/jats:italic> infections reported so far.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06353-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T20:03:07Z","timestamp":1625169787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Campylobacter insulaenigrae bacteremia with meningitis: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Moe","family":"Kyotani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuneaki","family":"Kenzaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hozuka","family":"Akita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63147-0","volume":"54","author":"G Foster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foster G, Holmes B, Steigerwalt AG, Lawson PA, Thorne P, Byrer DE, et al. Campylobacter insulaenigrae sp. nov., isolated from marine mammals. Int J Syst Evol Micr. 2004;54(6):2369\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.63147-0.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Micr"},{"issue":"6","key":"6353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01816-06","volume":"73","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stoddard RA, Miller WG, Foley JE, Lawrence J, Gulland FMD, Conrad PA, et al. Campylobacter insulaenigrae isolates from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in California. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(6):1729\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01816-06.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000100033","volume":"42","author":"M Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez M, Villanueva MP, Debruyne L, Vandamme P, Fern\u00e1ndez H. Campylobacter insulaenigrae: first isolation report from south American sea lion (Otaria Flavescens, (Shaw, 1800)). Braz J Microbiol. 2011;42(1):261\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-83822011000100033.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6353_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47366-0","volume":"56","author":"K Chua","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chua K, G\u00fcrtler V, Montgomery J, Fraenkel M, Mayall BC, Grayson ML. Campylobacter insulaenigrae causing septicaemia and enteritis. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(11):1565\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47366-0.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06353-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06353-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06353-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T20:05:21Z","timestamp":1625169921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06353-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06353-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required, because this is a case report. Therefore, the need for ethics approval was waived by the ethics committee of Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and the accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"633"}}