{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:01:54Z","timestamp":1782216114392,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"EDCTP TB Node","award":["Reg Net. 2015-1104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Reg Net. 2015-1104"]}]},{"name":"MakCHS\u2013UC-Berkeley-Yale Pulmonary Complications of AIDS Research Training (PART) Program, from the Fogarty International Center","award":["NIH D43TW009607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH D43TW009607"]}]},{"name":"MAPRONANO ACE Uganda","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in the context of HIV co-infection remains challenging. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and neopterin have been validated as potential biomarkers for TB diagnosis. Latent TB infection (LTBI) is diagnosed using tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assays (T-Spot and QuantiFERON TB gold tests, respectively). However, these tests have shown challenges and yet diagnosing LTBI is important for the overall control of TB. This study was conducted to determine the levels of H0\u20131 and neopterin, and their role in the diagnosis of TB among individuals enrolled in the Community Health and Social Network of Tuberculosis (COHSONET) study and the Kampala TB Drug Resistance Survey (KDRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a nested cross-sectional study. Plasma and serum samples collected from 140 patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala Uganda were used.\n                      <jats:italic>M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture was performed on sputum to confirm active TB(ATB) and QuantiFERON TB gold test to confirm latent TB infection (LTBI). ELISAs were performed to determine the levels of HO-1 and neopterin. Data analysis was done using t-test and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves to determine the diagnostic accuracy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HO-1 levels among active tuberculosis (ATB)\/HIV-infected patients and LTBI\/HIV-infected patients were 10.7\u2009ng\/ml (IQR: 7.3\u201312.7\u2009ng\/ml) and 7.5\u2009ng\/ml (IQR: 5.4\u201314.1\u2009ng\/ml) respectively. Neopterin levels among ATB\/HIV-positive patients and LTBI\/HIV-positive patients were 11.7\u2009ng\/ml (IQR: 5.2.4\u2009ng\/ml) and 8.8\u2009ng\/ml (IQR: 2.4\u201319.8\u2009ng\/ml), respectively. HO-1 showed a sensitivity of 58.57% and a specificity of 67.14% with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.57 when used to discriminate between ATB and LTB. Neopterin showed an AUC of 0.62 with a sensitivity of 57.14% and a specificity of 60.0% when used to distinguish ATB from LTB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no in significant difference in HO-1 concentration levels of ATB individuals compared to LTB individuals. There was a significant difference in neopterin concentrations levels of ATB individuals compared to latently infected individuals. Findings from this study, show that HO-1 and neopterin have poor ability to distinguish between ATB and LTB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06370-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T15:02:59Z","timestamp":1627398179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heme oxygenase-1 and neopterin plasma\/serum levels and their role in diagnosing active and latent TB among HIV\/TB co-infected patients: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-1375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Uwimaana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard S.","family":"Bagaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Castelnuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Kateete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anguzu","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses L.","family":"Joloba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"6370_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6611a2","volume":"66","author":"KM Schmit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmit KM, Wansaula Z, Pratt R, Price SF, Langer AJ. Tuberculosis\u2014United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(11):289\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6611a2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6370_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0904-1","volume":"15","author":"FN Kizza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kizza FN, List J, Nkwata AK, Okwera A, Ezeamama AE, Whalen CC, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors in an urban African setting. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-0904-1.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"6370_CR3","volume-title":"Tuberculosis","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. Tuberculosis. 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"6370_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000158","volume":"28","author":"I Sauzullo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sauzullo I, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM. 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Participants provided written informed consent including consent for storage and future use of samples at enrolment in the parent studies. Participant information obtained from the parent studies was coded and identification numbers were used for purposes of confidentiality and privacy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Co-author David P Kateete is Associate Editor of the journal. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"711"}}