{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:32:29Z","timestamp":1791919949890,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science and Technology Major Project of China During the 13th Five-year Plan Period","award":["2018ZX10302104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10302104"]}]},{"name":"the Capacity Improvement Plan Project of Units appointed by the Chongqing Municipal Health Commission","award":["2019NLTS003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019NLTS003"]}]},{"name":"Youth Scientific Research and Innovation Fund Project of Chongqing Public Health Medical Center","award":["2019QNKYXM05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QNKYXM05"]}]},{"name":"the Joint Medical Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau and Chongqing Municipal Health Commission","award":["2019ZDXM012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZDXM012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains a leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients, despite advances in CM diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study was performed with the aim to develop and validate a novel scoring model to predict mortality risk in HIV-infected patients with CM (HIV\/CM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on HIV\/CM inpatients were obtained from a Multicenter Cohort study in China. Independent risk factors associated with mortality were identified based on data from 2013 to 2017, and a novel scoring model for mortality risk prediction was established. The bootstrapping statistical method was used for internal validation. External validation was performed using data from 2018 to 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that six predictors, including age, stiff neck, impaired consciousness, intracranial pressure, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell count, and urea levels, were associated with poor prognosis in HIV\/CM patients. The novel scoring model could effectively identify HIV\/CM patients at high risk of death on admission (area under curve 0.876;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). When the cut-off value of 5.5 points or more was applied, the sensitivity and specificity was 74.1 and 83.8%, respectively. Our scoring model showed a good discriminatory ability, with an area under the curve of 0.879 for internal validation via bootstrapping, and an area under the curve of 0.886 for external validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our developed scoring model of six variables is simple, convenient, and accurate for screening high-risk patients with HIV\/CM, which may be a useful tool for physicians to assess prognosis in HIV\/CM inpatients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06417-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T06:04:04Z","timestamp":1628575444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Establishment of a novel scoring model for mortality risk prediction in HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Min","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Sheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shui-Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong-Tong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Qiu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Harypursat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9427-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir745","volume":"54","author":"A Loyse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loyse A, Wilson D, Meintjes G, Jarvis JN, Bicanic T, Bishop L, et al. Comparison of the early fungicidal activity of high-dose fluconazole, voriconazole, and flucytosine as second-line drugs given in combination with amphotericin B for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(1):121\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir745.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6417_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12944","volume":"62","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu Y, Chong Y, Li X, Jie Y, Zheng X, et al. Fluconazole plus flucytosine is a good alternative therapy for non-HIV and non-transplant-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a retrospective cohort study. Mycoses. 2019;62(8):686\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.12944.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"12","key":"6417_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy817","volume":"68","author":"K Ssebambulidde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ssebambulidde K, Bangdiwala AS, Kwizera R, Kandole TK, Tugume L, Kiggundu R, et al. Symptomatic Cryptococcal Antigenemia presenting as early Cryptococcal meningitis with negative cerebral spinal fluid analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(12):2094\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy817.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"6417_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12977","volume":"62","author":"X Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu X, Shen Y. Management of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: current status and future directions. Mycoses. 2019;62(10):874\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.12977.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"12","key":"6417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209337","volume":"13","author":"AK Musubire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musubire AK, Meya DB, Rhein J, Meintjes G, Bohjanen PR, Nuwagira E, et al. Blood neutrophil counts in HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis: association with mortality. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209337.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"6417_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12742","volume":"61","author":"BH Kashef Hamadani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kashef Hamadani BH, Franco-Paredes C, Mccollister B. Cryptococcosis and cryptococcal meningitis: new predictors and clinical outcomes at a United States academic medical Centre. Mycoses. 2018;61(5):314\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.12742.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"4","key":"6417_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz107","volume":"114","author":"EW Abd El-Wahab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abd El-Wahab EW, Farrag T, Metwally M. A clinical rule for the prediction of meningitis in HIV patients in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020;114(4):264\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trz107.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6417_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit794","volume":"58","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jarvis JN, Bicanic T, Loyse A, Namarika D, Jackson A, Nussbaum JC, et al. Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 501 patients with HIV-associated Cryptococcal meningitis: implications for improving outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(5):736\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cit794.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6417_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz478","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz478","volume":"6","author":"KA Pastick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pastick KA, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, Flynn AG, Morawski BM, Musubire AK, et al. Seizures in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: predictors and outcomes. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz478.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"6417_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.06.015","volume":"67","author":"WC Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai WC, Lien CY, Lee JJ, Huang CR, Tsai NW, Chang CC, et al. The clinical characteristics of adult cryptococcal meningitis patients who died within one year of treatment with a focus on those with early mortality. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;67:80\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.06.015.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25416","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25416","volume":"23","author":"MW Tenforde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tenforde MW, Gertz AM, Lawrence DS, Wills NK, Guthrie BL, Farquhar C, et al. Mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(1):e25416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25416.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"6417_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1285697","volume":"15","author":"S Lofgren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lofgren S, Abassi M, Rhein J, Boulware DR. Recent advances in AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis treatment with an emphasis on resource limited settings. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2017;15(4):331\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14787210.2017.1285697.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"6417_CR13","volume-title":"Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services: 5cs: consent, confidentiality, counselling, correct results and connection","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services: 5cs: consent, confidentiality, counselling, correct results and connection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. July 2015. PMID: 26378328"},{"key":"6417_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02082","volume":"10","author":"L Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu L, Tao R, Wu J, Dai X, Hu C, Huang Y, et al. Short-course rather than low-dose amphotericin B may exert potential influence on mortality in Cryptococcal meningitis patients treated with amphotericin B plus Flucytosine alone or in combination with fluconazole. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02082.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01238","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01238-18","volume":"57","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajasingham R, Wake RM, Beyene T, Katende A, Letang E, Boulware DR. Cryptococcal meningitis diagnostics and screening in the era of point-of-care laboratory testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(1):e01238\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01238-18.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08440-w","volume":"7","author":"M Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo M, Yang Y, Xu J, Cheng W, Li XW, Tang MM, et al. A new scoring model for the prediction of mortality in patients with acute kidney injury. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-08440-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"6417_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30245-1","volume":"17","author":"PR Williamson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williamson PR. The relentless march of cryptococcal meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):790\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30245-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"6417_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.4378","volume":"101","author":"RJ Lessells","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lessells RJ, Mutevedzi PC, Heller T, Newell ML. Poor long-term outcomes for cryptococcal meningitis in rural South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2011;101(4):251\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/samj.4378.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1048","key":"6417_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2012-130823","volume":"89","author":"C Kendi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kendi C, Penner J, Koech J, Newell ML. Predictors of outcome in routine care for Cryptococcal meningitis in Western Kenya: lessons for HIV outpatient care in resource-limited settings. Postgrad Med J. 2013;89(1048):73\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/postgradmedj-2012-130823.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"6417_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix870","volume":"66","author":"P Estelle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estelle P, John K, Pierre DB, Loyse A, Temfack E, Molloy SF, et al. Long term mortality and disability in Cryptococcal meningitis: a systematic literature review. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):1122\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix870.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"6417_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.010538","volume":"22","author":"T Anekthananon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anekthananon T, Manosuthi W, Chetchotisakd P, Kiertiburanakul S, Supparatpinyo K, Ratanasuwan W, et al. Predictors of poor clinical outcome of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22(11):665\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/ijsa.2011.010538.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"6417_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-013-9476-1","volume":"29","author":"RD Carlson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carlson RD, Rolfes MA, Birkenkamp KE, Nakasujja N, Rajasingham R, Meya DB, et al. Predictors of neurocognitive outcomes on antiretroviral therapy after cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study. Metab Brain Dis. 2014;29(2):269\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-013-9476-1.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6417_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy154","volume":"57","author":"L Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu L, Zhang X, Guo Y, Tao R, Dai X, Yang Z, et al. Unique clinical features of cryptococcal meningitis among Chinese patients without predisposing diseases against patients with predisposing diseases. Med Mycol. 2019;57(8):944\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myy154.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05661-9","volume":"20","author":"L Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu L, Xiao J, Song Y, Gao G, Zhao H. The clinical characteristics and outcome of cryptococcal meningitis with AIDS in a tertiary hospital in China: an observational cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05661-9.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"6417_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3142-1","volume":"37","author":"IN Hakyemez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakyemez IN, Erdem H, Beraud G, Lurdes M, Silva-Pinto A, Alexandru C, et al. Prediction of unfavorable outcomes in cryptococcal meningitis: results of the multicenter infectious diseases international research initiative (ID-IRI) cryptococcal meningitis study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(7):1231\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-017-3142-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"6417_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001191","volume":"133","author":"W Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song W, Shen YZ, Wang ZY, Qi TK, Liu L, Zhang RF, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a 2-year retrospective analysis. Chin Med J. 2020;133(23):2787\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001191.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2126-6","volume":"17","author":"J Qu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qu J, Zhou T, Zhong C, Deng R, L\u00fc X. Comparison of clinical features and prognostic factors in HIV-negative adults with cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculous meningitis: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-2126-6.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6417_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000315","volume":"29","author":"CC Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang CC, Perfect JR. Repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures in cryptococcal meningitis - necessity and\/or opportunity? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(6):539\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000315.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707033370103","volume":"337","author":"CM van der Horst","year":"1997","unstructured":"van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, Hamill RJ, Graybill JR, Sobel JD, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases mycoses study group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(1):15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199707033370103.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1086\/313603","volume":"30","author":"JR Graybill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, van Der Horst C, Powderly W, Cloud G, et al. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID mycoses study group and AIDS cooperative treatment groups. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(1):47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/313603.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6417_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0538-4","volume":"41","author":"L de Vedia","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Vedia L, Arechavala A, Calder\u00f3n MI, Maiolo E, Rodr\u00edguez A, Lista N, et al. Relevance of intracranial hypertension control in the management of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis related to AIDS. Infection. 2013;41(6):1073\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-013-0538-4.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"6417_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-016-0126-7","volume":"13","author":"S Srichatrapimuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srichatrapimuk S, Sungkanuparph S. Integrated therapy for HIV and cryptococcosis. AIDS Res Ther. 2016;13(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-016-0126-7.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"6417_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","volume":"50","author":"JR Perfect","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, Goldman DL, Graybill JR, Hamill RJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(3):291\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/649858.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6417_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1086\/427222","volume":"40","author":"PG Pappas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pappas PG. Managing cryptococcal meningitis is about handling the pressure. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(3):480\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/427222.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6417_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/427213","volume":"40","author":"S Shoham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shoham S, Cover C, Donegan N, Fulnecky E, Kumar P. Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis at 2 hospitals in Washington, D.C.: adherence of health care providers to published practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(3):477\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/427213.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6417_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy602","volume":"219","author":"L Tugume","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tugume L, Rhein J, Hullsiek KH, Mpoza E, Kiggundu R, Ssebambulidde K. HIV-associated Cryptococcal meningitis occurring at relatively higher CD4 counts. J Infect Dis. 2019;219(6):877\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiy602.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"6417_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30493-6","volume":"19","author":"A Loyse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loyse A, Burry J, Cohn J, Ford N, Chiller T, Ribeiro I, et al. Leave no one behind: response to new evidence and guidelines for the management of cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(4):e143\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30493-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6417_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix872","volume":"66","author":"RM Wake","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wake RM, Britz E, Sriruttan C, Rukasha I, Omar T, Spencer DC, et al. High Cryptococcal antigen titers in blood are predictive of subclinical Cryptococcal meningitis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(5):686\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix872.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06417-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06417-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06417-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T06:05:09Z","timestamp":1628575509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06417-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06417-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-366320\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Medical Ethics Committee of Chongqing Public Health Medical Center granted approval for this retrospective study, with a waiver of informed consent because the medical records of the subjects were deidentified from the Medical Records and Statistics Room to ensure patient confidentiality. The use of the raw data and the study\u2019s protocol was approved by the Institutional Medical Ethics Committee of Chongqing Public Health Medical Center (registry number 2019\u2013003-02-KY), and all methods were performed following relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"786"}}