{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T17:03:29Z","timestamp":1775581409389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[81760010]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[81760010]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82060364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In recent years, talaromycosis is reportedly on the rise in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected patients. However, the misdiagnosis and mistreatment of talaromycosis is more likely in HIV-uninfected patients than in HIV-infected patients because talaromycosis can be easily mistaken for tuberculosis or any other opportunistic infection. Therefore, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), a novel gene detection method, for the diagnosis of talaromycosis in HIV-uninfected patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We report five cases diagnosed as talaromycosis by mNGS in HIV-uninfected patients, which were further confirmed by tissue culture. There were 3 male and 2 female patients. Two patients had a history of rat contact. The misdiagnosis duration ranged from 88 to 245\u2009days. While the results of tissue culture changed from repeated negative to positive, the mNGS result for <jats:italic>Talaromyces marneffei<\/jats:italic> was positive earlier in 4 patients. The reads of <jats:italic>Talaromyces marneffei<\/jats:italic> in mNGS ranged from 5 to 414. After antifungal therapy, one of the outcomes was death due to the longest duration of misdiagnosis, and the other outcomes were clinical improvement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>mNGS is perhaps a rapid and effective diagnosis approach for the early confirmation of talaromycosis. Antifungal therapy is recommended once <jats:italic>Talaromyces marneffei<\/jats:italic> was revealed by mNGS. mNGS might reduce misdiagnosis duration and improve prognosis. Through these findings, we hope to provide some reference for talaromycosis in HIV-uninfected patients diagnosed early with the help of mNGS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06551-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T14:05:14Z","timestamp":1629727514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the early diagnosis of talaromycosis in HIV-uninfected patients: five cases report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qiuhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6551_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.95-110.2006","volume":"19","author":"N Vanittanakom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vanittanakom N, Cooper CR, Fisher MC, Sirisanthana T. Penicillium marneffei infection and recent advances in the epidemiology and molecular biology aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19(1):95\u2013110.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"6551_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"JF Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan JF, Lau SK, Yuen KY, Woo PC. Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected patients. Emerg Microb Infect. 2016;5(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect."},{"issue":"12","key":"6551_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4535-4540.2001","volume":"39","author":"SS Wong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wong SS, Wong KH, Hui WT, Lee SS, Lo JY, Cao L, et al. Differences in clinical and laboratory diagnostic characteristics of penicilliosis marneffei in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and non-HIV-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(12):4535\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6551_CR4","first-page":"740","volume":"31","author":"JQ Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang JQ, Yang ML, Zhong XN, He ZY, Liu GN, Deng JM. LiMH. A comparative analysis of the clinical and laboratory characteristics in disseminated penicilliosis marneffei inpatients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2008;31:740\u20136.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"6551_CR5","first-page":"00","volume":"00","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Zhang JQ, Pan ML, Zeng W, Tang SD, Tan CM. Determinants of prognosis in Talaromyces marneffei infections with respiratory system lesions. Chin Med J. 2019;00:00\u20130.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"6551_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-464","volume":"13","author":"R Kawila","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kawila R, Chaiwarith R, Supparatpinyo K. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of penicilliosis marneffei among patients with and without HIV infection in Northern Thailand: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:464-.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"6551_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110240","volume":"9","author":"YJ Jeon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeon YJ, et al. The feasibility study of non-invasive fetal trisomy 18 and 21 detection with semiconductor sequencing platform. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110240.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"6551_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(14):1754\u201360.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"6551_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195569-e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195569","volume":"13","author":"C Ning","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ning C, Lai J, Wei W, Zhou B, Huang J, Jiang J, et al. Accuracy of rapid diagnosis of Talaromyces marneffei: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2018;13(4):e0195569-e.","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"6551_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195596-e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195596","volume":"13","author":"K Pruksaphon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pruksaphon K, Intaramat A, Ratanabanangkoon K, Nosanchuk JD, Vanittanakom N, Youngchim S. Development and characterization of an immunochromatographic test for the rapid diagnosis of Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei. PloS One. 2018;13(4):e0195596-e.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6551_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3276-5","volume":"18","author":"Y-M Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Y-M, Ai J-W, Xu B, Cui P, Cheng Q, Wu H, et al. Rapid and precise diagnosis of disseminated T. marneffei infection assisted by high-throughput sequencing of multifarious specimens in a HIV-negative patient: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):379.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"6551_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012751","volume":"14","author":"W Gu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gu W, Miller S, Chiu CY. Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection. Ann Rev Pathol. 2019;14:319\u201338.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6551_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix881","volume":"66","author":"PJ Simner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simner PJ, Miller S, Carroll KC. Understanding the promises and hurdles of metagenomic next-generation sequencing as a diagnostic tool for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;66(5):778\u201388.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"6551_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.10.013","volume":"24","author":"J Besser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Besser J, Carleton HA, Gerner-Smidt P, Lindsey RL, Trees E. Next-generation sequencing technologies and their application to the study and control of bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(4):335\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"6551_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0113-7","author":"CY Chiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiu CY, Miller SA. Clinical metagenomics. Nat Rev Genet. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-019-0113-7.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"6551_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201204-0693OC","volume":"186","author":"ES Charlson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charlson ES, Diamond JM, Bittinger K, Fitzgerald AS, Yadav A, Haas AR, et al. Lung-enriched organisms and aberrant bacterial and fungal respiratory microbiota after lung transplant. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(6):536\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6551_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir754","volume":"54","author":"PPW Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee PPW, Chan K-W, Lee T-L, Ho MH-K, Chen X-Y, Li C-H, et al. Penicilliosis in children without hiv infection\u2014are they immunodeficient? Clin Infect Dis. 2011;54(2):e8-19.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06551-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06551-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06551-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T14:05:21Z","timestamp":1629727521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06551-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06551-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"For case 1, written informed consent was obtained from the patient\u2019s next of kin for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.\u00a0For case 2-5, written informed consent was\nobtained from the patients for publication of this case report and any accompanying\nimages.\u00a0A copy of the written consent is available\nfor review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing\ninterests","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"865"}}