{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:40:23Z","timestamp":1793839223426,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PR00P3_179753 \/ 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR00P3_179753 \/ 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem is set as target in the new World Health Organization\u2019s Neglected Tropical Diseases Roadmap for 2030. Due to a long history of interventions, the Zanzibar islands of Tanzania have reached this goal since 2017. However, challenges occur on the last mile towards interruption of transmission. Our study will investigate new tools and strategies for breaking schistosomiasis transmission.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study is designed as an intervention study, documented through repeated cross-sectional surveys (2020\u20132024). The primary endpoint will be the sensitivity of a surveillance-response approach to detect and react to outbreaks of urogenital schistosomiasis over three years of implementation. The surveys and multi-disciplinary interventions will be implemented in 20 communities in the north of Pemba island. In low-prevalence areas, surveillance-response will consist of active, passive and reactive case detection, treatment of positive individuals, and focal snail control. In hotspot areas, mass drug administration, snail control and behaviour change interventions will be implemented. Parasitological cross-sectional surveys in 20 communities and their main primary schools will serve to adapt the intervention approach annually and to monitor the performance of the surveillance-response approach and impact of interventions. <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> infections will be diagnosed using reagent strips and urine filtration microscopy, and by exploring novel point-of-care diagnostic tests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study will shed light on the field applicability and performance of novel adaptive intervention strategies, and standard and new diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis elimination. The evidence and experiences generated by micro-mapping of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infections at community level, micro-targeting of new adaptive intervention approaches, and application of novel diagnostic tools can guide future strategic plans for schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar and inform other countries aiming for interruption of transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic> ISRCTN, ISCRCTN91431493. Registered 11 February 2020, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN91431493\">https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN91431493<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T05:03:54Z","timestamp":1632978234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Novel tools and strategies for breaking schistosomiasis transmission: study protocol for an intervention study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lydia","family":"Trippler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali Makame","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kabole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9936","key":"6620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2014;383(9936):2253\u201364 (Epub 2014\/04\/05).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6620_CR2","unstructured":"GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1859\u2013922. (Epub 2018\/11\/13)."},{"key":"6620_CR3","volume-title":"Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers","author":"WHO","year":"2006","unstructured":"WHO. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"6620_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Schistosomiasis progress report 2001\u20132011 and strategic plan 2012\u20132020. World Health Organization, 2013."},{"key":"6620_CR5","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals\u2014a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals\u2014a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"6620_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009127","volume":"15","author":"L Trippler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trippler L, Ame SM, Hattendorf J, Juma S, Abubakar S, Ali SM, et al. Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(2):e0009127 (Epub 2021\/02\/13).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"6620_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0156","volume":"103","author":"RMR Ramzy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramzy RMR, Rabiee A, Abd Elaziz KM, Campbell CH, Kittur N, Colley DG, et al. Test, treat, track, test, and treat active surveillance toward elimination of schistosomiasis: a feasibility study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1572\u20137 (Epub 2020\/07\/15).","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86287-y","volume":"11","author":"JA Shortt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shortt JA, Timm LE, Hales NR, Nikolakis ZL, Schield DR, Perry BW, et al. Population genomic analyses of schistosome parasites highlight critical challenges facing endgame elimination efforts. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):6884.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"6620_CR9","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen Y, Jiang Q. History of human schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in China: From discovery to elimination. Acta Parasitol. 2021. (Epub 2021\/03\/14)."},{"issue":"2","key":"6620_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9 LA, Garba A, et al. Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop. 2013;128(2):423\u201340 (Epub 2012\/05\/15).","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"10","key":"6620_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008837","volume":"14","author":"N Monnier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monnier N, Barth-Jaeggi T, Knopp S, Steinmann P. Core components, concepts and strategies for parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination with a focus on schistosomiasis: a landscape analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(10):e0008837 (Epub 2020\/10\/31).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0256-8","volume":"6","author":"LA Tchuem-Tchuente","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tchuem-Tchuente LA, Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Molyneux D. Moving from control to elimination of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: time to change and adapt strategies. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6(1):42 (Epub 2017\/02\/22).","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"issue":"12","key":"6620_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0008933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008933","volume":"14","author":"K Gass","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gass K. Time for a diagnostic sea-change: Rethinking neglected tropical disease diagnostics to achieve elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(12):0008933.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"6620_CR14","unstructured":"WHO. Resolution on schistosomiasis WHA65.21 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. https:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/Schistosomiasis_wha65\/en\/."},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"6620_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S499","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa198","volume":"221","author":"J Toor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toor J, Coffeng LE, Hamley JID, Fronterre C, Prada JM, Casta\u00f1o MS, et al. When, who, and how to sample: Designing practical surveillance for 7 neglected tropical diseases as we approach elimination. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(Suppl 5):S499-s502 (Epub 2020\/06\/13).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"6620_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002474","volume":"7","author":"S Knopp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knopp S, Person B, Ame SM, Mohammed KA, Ali SM, Khamis IS, et al. Elimination of schistosomiasis transmission in Zanzibar: Baseline findings before the onset of a randomized intervention trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(10):e2474 (Epub 2013\/10\/23).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"6620_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30189-5","volume":"7","author":"S Knopp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knopp S, Person B, Ame SM, Ali SM, Hattendorf J, Juma S, et al. Evaluation of integrated interventions layered on mass drug administration for urogenital schistosomiasis elimination: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1118\u201329 (Epub 2019\/07\/01).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6620_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007268","volume":"13","author":"S Knopp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knopp S, Ame SM, Person B, Hattendorf J, Rabone M, Juma S, et al. A 5-Year intervention study on elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: parasitological results of annual cross-sectional surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(5):e0007268 (Epub 2019\/05\/07).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"6620_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-930","volume":"12","author":"S Knopp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knopp S, Mohammed KA, Ali SM, Khamis IS, Ame SM, Albonico M, et al. Study and implementation of urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba islands) using an integrated multidisciplinary approach. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:930 (Epub 2012\/11\/01).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6620_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90421-9","volume":"96","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stothard JR, Mgeni AF, Khamis S, Seto E, Ramsan M, Rollinson D. Urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren on Zanzibar Island (Unguja), Tanzania: a parasitological survey supplemented with questionnaires. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(5):507\u201314.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6620_CR21","unstructured":"WHO. Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiasis: 29 - United Republic of Tanzania. 1987."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6620_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761989000500002","volume":"84","author":"KE Mott","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mott KE. Contrasts in the control of schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1989;84(Suppl 1):3\u201319 (Epub 1989\/10\/01).","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"2","key":"6620_CR23","first-page":"189","volume":"40","author":"L Savioli","year":"1989","unstructured":"Savioli L, Dixon H, Kisumku UM, Mott KE. Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba island: programme organization and management. Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;40(2):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6620_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90336-2","volume":"83","author":"L Savioli","year":"1989","unstructured":"Savioli L, Dixon H, Kisumku UM, Mott KE. Control of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium on Pemba island; selective population chemotherapy of schoolchildren with haematuria to identify high-risk localities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83(6):805\u201310 (Epub 1989\/11\/01).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6620_CR25","first-page":"294","volume":"74","author":"M Albonico","year":"1997","unstructured":"Albonico M, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Stolfzfus RJ, Tielsch JM, Alawi KS, et al. Parasitic infections in Pemba Island school children. East Afr Med J. 1997;74(5):294\u20138 (Epub 1997\/05\/01).","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6620_CR26","first-page":"721","volume":"68","author":"AF Mgeni","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mgeni AF, Kisumku UM, McCullough FS, Dixon H, Yoon SS, Mott KE. Metrifonate in the control of urinary schistosomiasis in Zanzibar. Bull World Health Organ. 1990;68(6):721\u201330.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"6620_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90105-X","volume":"91","author":"JR Stothard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stothard JR, Rollinson D. Molecular characterization of Bulinus globosus and B. nasutus on Zanzibar, and an investigation of their roles in the epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91(3):353\u20137 (Epub 1997\/05\/01).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"6620_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008046","volume":"123","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Southgate VR. Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group. Parasitology. 2001;123(Suppl):S245\u201360 (Epub 2002\/01\/05).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3136-6","volume":"11","author":"S Knopp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knopp S, Ame SM, Hattendorf J, Ali SM, Khamis IS, Bakar F, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar: accuracy of urine filtration and haematuria reagent strips for diagnosing light intensity Schistosoma haematobium infections. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):552 (Epub 2018\/10\/26).","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"5","key":"6620_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003752","volume":"9","author":"S Knopp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knopp S, Corstjens PL, Koukounari A, Cercamondi CI, Ame SM, Ali SM, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a urine circulating anodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in low endemic settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(5):e0003752 (Epub 2015\/05\/15).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00726-y","volume":"9","author":"D Keller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keller D, Rothen J, Dangy JP, Saner C, Daubenberger C, Allan F, et al. Performance of a real-time PCR approach for diagnosing Schistosoma haematobium infections of different intensity in urine samples from Zanzibar. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):128\u201330 (Epub 2020\/09\/06).","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"6620_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colley DG, Fleming FM, Matendechero SH, Knopp S, Rollinson D, Utzinger J, et al. Contributions of the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) to schistosomiasis control and elimination: Key findings and messages for future goals, thresholds, and operational research. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(1_Suppl):125\u201334. Epub 2020\/05\/14.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0787"},{"issue":"7","key":"6620_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009490","volume":"15","author":"JMF Gardner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gardner JMF, Mansour NR, Bell AS, Helmby H, Bickle Q. The discovery of a novel series of compounds with single-dose efficacy against juvenile and adult Schistosoma species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(7):e0009490-91 (Epub 2021\/07\/20).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"6620_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.09.017","volume":"141","author":"R Bergquist","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bergquist R, Yang GJ, Knopp S, Utzinger J, Tanner M. Surveillance and response: tools and approaches for the elimination stage of neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop. 2015;141(Pt B):229\u201334 (Epub 2014\/10\/11).","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0599-4","volume":"8","author":"MB Qian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qian MB, Chen J, Bergquist R, Li ZJ, Li SZ, Xiao N, et al. Neglected tropical diseases in the People\u2019s Republic of China: Progress towards elimination. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8(1):86 (Epub 2019\/10\/04).","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"6620_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-11-19","volume":"11","author":"S Liang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liang S, Yang C, Zhong B, Guo J, Li H, Carlton EJ, et al. Surveillance systems for neglected tropical diseases: Global lessons from China\u2019s evolving schistosomiasis reporting systems, 1949\u20132014. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2014;11:19 (Epub 2014\/01\/01).","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"},{"key":"6620_CR37","unstructured":"Bezerra DVF, Queiroz JW, C\u00e2mara VAV, Maciel BLL, Nascimento ELT, Jer\u00f4nimo SMB. Factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infestation in northeast Brazil: A need to revisit individual and community risk factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021. Epub 2021\/02\/17."},{"issue":"7","key":"6620_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794","volume":"10","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sokolow SH, Wood CL, Jones IJ, Swartz SJ, Lopez M, Hsieh MH, et al. Global assessment of schistosomiasis control over the past century shows targeting the snail intermediate host works best. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(7):e0004794 (Epub 2016\/07\/22).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10185-1","volume":"21","author":"AKS Ng'etich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng\u2019etich AKS, Voyi K, Mutero CM. Assessment of surveillance core and support functions regarding neglected tropical diseases in Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):142 (Epub 2021\/01\/17).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.09.006","volume":"105","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rudge JW, Stothard JR, Basanez MG, Mgeni AF, Khamis IS, Khamis AN, et al. Micro-epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: Local risk factors associated with distribution of infections among schoolchildren and relevance for control. Acta Trop. 2008;105(1):45\u201354 (Epub 2007\/11\/13).","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1847-0","volume":"9","author":"T Pennance","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pennance T, Person B, Muhsin MA, Khamis AN, Muhsin J, Khamis IS, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis transmission on Unguja Island, Zanzibar: Characterisation of persistent hot-spots. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):646\u20138 (Epub 2016\/12\/18).","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"2","key":"6620_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa118","volume":"115","author":"AA Souza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Souza AA, Ducker C, Argaw D, King JD, Solomon AW, Biamonte MA, et al. Diagnostics and the neglected tropical diseases roadmap: setting the agenda for 2030. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021;115(2):129\u201335 (Epub 2020\/11\/11).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6620_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa114","volume":"115","author":"D Mabey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mabey D, Agler E, Amuasi JH, Hernandez L, Hollingsworth TD, Hotez PJ, et al. Towards a comprehensive research and development plan to support the control, elimination and eradication of neglected tropical diseases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021;115(2):196\u20139.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6620_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184175","volume":"25","author":"J Archer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Archer J, Barksby R, Pennance T, Rostron P, Bakar F, Knopp S, et al. Analytical and clinical assessment of a portable, isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the molecular diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis. Molecules. 2020;25:18 (Epub 2020\/09\/17).","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"6620_CR45","volume-title":"Communicable disease surveillance and response systems","author":"WHO","year":"2006","unstructured":"WHO. Communicable disease surveillance and response systems. Guide to monitoring and evaluation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"6620_CR46","unstructured":"Office of Chief Government Statistician Zanzibar. Zanzibar in figures 2019. 2020."},{"key":"6620_CR47","unstructured":"Office of Chief Government Statistician Zanzibar. 2012 Population and housing census: Population distribution by admistrative areas. 2013."},{"key":"6620_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.004","volume":"163","author":"M Celone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celone M, Person B, Ali SM, Lyimo JH, Mohammed UA, Khamis AN, et al. Increasing the reach: Involving local Muslim religious teachers in a behavioral intervention to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar. Acta Trop. 2016;163:142\u20138 (Epub 2016\/08\/09).","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6620_CR49","unstructured":"Office of Chief Government Statistician Zanzibar. Household budget survey 2014\/2015. 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"6620_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90111-2","volume":"96","author":"A Montresor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Montresor A, Engels D, Ramsan M, Foum A, Savioli L. Field test of the \u201cdose pole\u201d for praziquantel in Zanzibar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(3):323\u20134 (Epub 2002\/08\/15).","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"6620_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0004290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004290","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","unstructured":"King CH, Sutherland LJ, Bertsch D. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of chemical-based mollusciciding for control of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(12):0004290.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"6620_CR52","volume-title":"The Role of mollusciciding in schistosomiasis control","author":"WHO","year":"1992","unstructured":"WHO. The Role of mollusciciding in schistosomiasis control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992."},{"key":"6620_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturrock RF. Complementary snail control in chemotherapeutic-based control programs. In: Miller MJL, E., editor. Parasitic Diseases: Treatment & Control, 1989. p. 51\u20137.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003068273-9"},{"key":"6620_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan F, Ame SM, Tian-Bi YT, Hofkin BV, Webster BL, Diakit\u00e9 NR, et al. Snail-related contributions from the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation program including xenomonitoring, focal mollusciciding, biological control, and modeling. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(1_Suppl):66\u201379. Epub 2020\/05\/14.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0831"},{"issue":"13","key":"6620_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006404","volume":"136","author":"J Aagaard-Hansen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aagaard-Hansen J, Mwanga JR, Bruun B. Social science perspectives on schistosomiasis control in Africa: past trends and future directions. Parasitology. 2009;136(13):1747\u201358.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"6620_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Person B, Knopp S, Ali SM, A\u2019kadir FM, Khamis AN, Ali JN, et al. Community co-designed schistosomiasis control interventions for school-aged children in Zanzibar. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2016;48(S1):S56-S73. Epub 2016\/07\/18.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932016000067"},{"issue":"7","key":"6620_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004814","volume":"10","author":"B Person","year":"2016","unstructured":"Person B, Ali SM, A\u2019Kadir FM, Ali JN, Mohammed UA, Mohammed KA, et al. Community knowledge, perceptions, and practices associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among school-aged children in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(7):e0004814 (Epub 2016\/07\/12).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"6620_CR58","unstructured":"IDEO.org. The field guide to human-centered design: IDEO.org; 2015. 192 p."},{"issue":"2","key":"6620_CR59","first-page":"159","volume":"54","author":"PA Peters","year":"1976","unstructured":"Peters PA, Mahmoud AA, Warren KS, Ouma JH, Siongok TK. Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. Bull World Health Organ. 1976;54(2):159\u201362 (Epub 1976\/01\/01).","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"6620_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6","volume":"12","author":"P Rostron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rostron P, Pennance T, Bakar F, Rollinson D, Knopp S, Allan F, et al. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) fluorescence assay for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):514.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"6620_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1165-y","volume":"8","author":"SJ Krauth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krauth SJ, Greter H, Stete K, Coulibaly JT, Traor\u00e9 SI, Ngandolo BN, et al. All that is blood is not schistosomiasis: Experiences with reagent strip testing for urogenital schistosomiasis with special consideration to very-low prevalence settings. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:584 (Epub 2015\/11\/12).","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"8","key":"6620_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008451","volume":"14","author":"N Midzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Midzi N, B\u00e4renbold O, Manangazira P, Phiri I, Mutsaka-Makuvaza MJ, Mhlanga G, et al. Accuracy of different diagnostic techniques for Schistosoma haematobium to estimate treatment needs in Zimbabwe: application of a hierarchical Bayesian egg count model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(8):e0008451 (Epub 2020\/08\/21).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"6620_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0006941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006941","volume":"12","author":"O B\u00e4renbold","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00e4renbold O, Garba A, Colley DG, Fleming FM, Haggag AA, Ramzy RMR, et al. Translating preventive chemotherapy prevalence thresholds for Schistosoma mansoni from the Kato-Katz technique into the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen diagnostic test. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(12):0006941 (Epub 2018\/12\/15).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"6620_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S525","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz609","volume":"221","author":"J Toor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toor J, Rollinson D, Turner HC, Gouvras A, King CH, Medley GF, et al. Achieving elimination as a public health problem for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium: when is community-wide treatment required? J Infect Dis. 2020;221(Suppl 5):S525\u201330.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T06:06:36Z","timestamp":1632981996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06620-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol has been waived by the ethics committee of Switzerland (Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz; EKNZ) on October 23, 2019 (Req-2019-00951) and has been approved by the ethics committee of Zanzibar (Zanzibar Health Research Institute; ZAHRI) on December 13, 2019 (ZAHREC\/02\/November\/2019\/16). Participants will only be included if they submit an informed consent form signed by a parent or legal guardian in case of participating children and adolescents, or signed by the participant in case of participating adults. The trial was prospectively registered at ISRCTN (ISCRCTN91431493).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1024"}}