{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:42:14Z","timestamp":1784860934457,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009779","name":"Region Kronoberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Nordic Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious diseases"},{"name":"The South Swedish Region Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Few studies on pharyngotonsillitis have examined the clinical presentation of different aetiologies where pathogens have been detected using molecular methods. We aimed to assess how well clinical signs and symptoms can predict (1) the presence or absence of a broad range of viruses and bacteria, and (2) reconsultations for a sore throat or a complication.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this descriptive observational prospective study in primary health care 220 patients aged 15\u201345 with suspected pharyngotonsillitis were sampled from nose, throat and blood and screened for 20 bacteria and viruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture and serology. Odds ratios (OR) and predictive values with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to show association between microbiological findings and clinical signs and symptoms. Patients were followed up after 3\u00a0months by reviewing electronic medical records.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Both cough and coryza were more common in patients with only viruses (67%) than in patients with only bacteria (21%) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas tonsillar coating was more common in patients with only bacteria (53%) than in patients with only viruses (29%) (p\u2009=\u20090.006). Tonsillar coating (adjusted OR 6.0; 95% CI 2.5\u201314) and a lack of cough (adjusted OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.5\u20138.0) were significantly associated with <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> (group A streptococci; GAS) and with any bacterial finding. A Centor score of 3\u20134 had a positive predictive value of 49% (95% CI 42\u201357) for GAS and 66% (95% CI 57\u201374) for any bacterial findings. The use of rapid antigen detection test for GAS increased the positive predictive value for this group to 93%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Signs and symptoms, both single and combined, were insufficient to rule in GAS or other pathogens. However, both cough and coryza were useful to rule out GAS. The results support the clinical approach of restricting rapid antigen detection testing to patients with 3\u20134 Centor criteria. The low carriage rate of bacteria among asymptomatic controls implied that most detections in patients represented a true infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06665-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T10:03:29Z","timestamp":1631873009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The aetiology of pharyngotonsillitis in primary health care: a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Pallon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"R\u00f6\u00f6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Hedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2018-9","volume":"16","author":"M Tyrstrup","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyrstrup M, Beckman A, Molstad S, Engstrom S, Lannering C, Melander E, et al. 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All participants gave informed consent in writing before inclusion and could withdraw at any time. In line with the decision from the ethics review board and with Swedish law (The Act concerning the Ethical Review of Research Involving Humans (2003:460)), research subjects aged 15 to 18\u00a0years could consent on their own, without the involvement of a parent or legal guardian. Personal information was treated confidentially.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"971"}}