{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:17:31Z","timestamp":1790723851840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While the overall burden of malaria is still high, the global technical strategy for malaria advocates for two sets of interventions: vector control-based prevention and diagnosis and prompt effective treatment of malaria cases. This study aimed to assess the performance of malaria interventions on malaria infection and anaemia in irrigated areas in Sudan.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on the Sudan 2016 national malaria indicator survey, data for two states (Gezira and Sennar), characterized by large-irrigated schemes, were analysed. Four community-level malaria interventions were used as contextual variables: utilization of malaria diagnosis, utilization of Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and coverage with indoor residual spraying (IRS). Association between these interventions and two outcomes: malaria infection and anaemia, was assessed separately. Malaria infection was assessed in all age groups while anaemia was assessed in children under 5\u00a0years. Multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 4478 individuals involved in this study distributed over 47 clusters, the overall malaria infection rate was 3.0% and 56.5% of the children under 5\u00a0years (total\u2009=\u2009322) were anaemic. Except for IRS coverage (69.6%), the average utilization of interventions was relatively low: 52.3% for utilization of diagnosis, 33.0% for utilization of ACTs and 18.6% for LLINs utilization. The multi-level multiple logistic regression model showed that only IRS coverage was associated with malaria infection (Odds ratio 0.83 per 10% coverage, 95%Confidence Interval (95%CI) 0.74\u20130.94, p\u2009=\u20090.003) indicating that a higher level of IRS coverage was associated with less malaria infection. Anaemia was not associated with any intervention (all p values larger than 0.1).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malaria transmission in Gezira and Sennar areas is low. IRS, with insecticide to which vectors are susceptible, is an effective malaria control intervention in irrigated schemes. Community utilization of other interventions was not associated with malaria infection in this study. This may be due to the low utilization of these interventions. However, individual use of LLINs provide personal protection. This study failed to establish an association between anaemia and malaria control interventions in low transmission areas. The higher level of malaria infection in urban areas is a cause for concern.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06929-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T10:02:55Z","timestamp":1639476175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of malaria control interventions on malaria infection and anaemia in areas with irrigated schemes: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6034-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Abdelmutalab","family":"Elmardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishag","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elfatih Mohammed","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hmooda Toto","family":"Kafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mogahid Sheikheldien","family":"Abdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immo","family":"Kleinschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stef","family":"Kremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6929_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges. Geneva; 2020."},{"key":"6929_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1792-1","volume":"16","author":"M Bannister-Tyrrell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bannister-Tyrrell M, Verdonck K, Hausmann-Muela S, Gryseels C, Muela Ribera J, Peeters GK. Defining micro-epidemiology for malaria elimination: systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2017;16:164.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70300-6","volume":"2","author":"F Giardina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giardina F, Kasasa S, Si\u00e9 A, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Vounatsou P. Effects of vector-control interventions on changes in risk of malaria parasitaemia in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatial and temporal analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e601\u201315.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"6929_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2015.08.010","volume":"124","author":"E Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee E, Burkhart J, Olson S, Billings AA, Patz JA, Harner EJ. Relationships of climate and irrigation factors with malaria parasite incidences in two climatically dissimilar regions in India. J Arid Environ. 2016;124:214\u201324.","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"6929_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-360","volume":"13","author":"S Kibret","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kibret S, Wilson GG, Tekie H, Petros B. Increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in Ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control. Malar J. 2014;13:360.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.09.018","volume":"89","author":"R De Plaen","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Plaen R, Seka M-L, Koutoua A. The paddy, the vector and the caregiver: lessons from an ecosystem approach to irrigation and malaria in Northern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Acta Trop. 2004;89:135\u201346.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"6929_CR7","unstructured":"WHO. WHO malaria terminology Global Malaria Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019."},{"key":"6929_CR8","unstructured":"WHO. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030. 2021 updat. Geneva; 2021."},{"key":"6929_CR9","unstructured":"WHO. Antimalarial drug combination therapy report of a WHO Technical Consultation. Geneva; 2001."},{"key":"6929_CR10","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Guidelines for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"6929_CR11","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"issue":"3_Suppl","key":"6929_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0203","volume":"97","author":"CL Hershey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hershey CL, Florey LS, Ali D, Bennett A, Luhanga M, Mathanga DP, et al. Malaria control interventions contributed to declines in malaria parasitemia, severe anemia, and all-cause mortality in children less than 5 years of age in Malawi, 2000\u20132010. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(3_Suppl):76\u201388.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3_Suppl","key":"6929_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0281","volume":"97","author":"E Eckert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eckert E, Florey LS, Tongren JE, Salgado SR, Rukundo A, Habimana JP, et al. Impact evaluation of malaria control interventions on morbidity and all-cause child mortality in Rwanda, 2000\u20132010. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(3_Suppl):99\u2013110.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-46","volume":"10","author":"MW Aregawi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aregawi MW, Ali AS, Al-mafazy A, Molteni F, Katikiti S, Warsame M, et al. Reductions in malaria and anaemia case and death burden at hospitals following scale-up of malaria control in Zanzibar, 1999\u20132008. Malar J. 2011;10:46.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR15","volume":"10","author":"P Smithson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smithson P, Florey L, Salgado SR, Hershey CL, Masanja H, Bhattarai A, et al. Impact of malaria control on mortality and anemia among Tanzanian children less than five years of age, 1999\u20132010. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0141112.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6929_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6182492","volume":"2017","author":"B Gimba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gimba B, Bala SI. Modeling the impact of bed-net use and treatment on malaria transmission dynamics. Int Scholar Res Notices. 2017;2017:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Int Scholar Res Notices"},{"key":"6929_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0490","volume":"92","author":"MLN Mbah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mbah MLN, Parikh S, Galvani AP. Comparing the impact of artemisinin-based combination therapies on malaria transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:555\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0649","volume":"87","author":"I Sagara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sagara I, Fofana B, Gaudart J, Sidibe B, Togo A, Toure S, et al. Repeated artemisinin-based combination therapies in a malaria hyperendemic area of Mali: efficacy, safety, and public health impact. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:50\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040309","volume":"4","author":"A Bhattarai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhattarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, M\u00e5rtensson A, Abbas AK, Khatib R, et al. Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med. 2007;4: e309.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"6929_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2509-9","volume":"17","author":"NJ White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White NJ. Anaemia and malaria. Malar J. 2018;17:371.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR21","unstructured":"WHO. The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"6929_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010001552","volume":"13","author":"L Jin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jin L, Yeung LF, Cogswell ME, Ye R, Berry RJ, Liu J, et al. Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in south-east China, 1993\u20132005. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:1511\u20138.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"6929_CR23","first-page":"1462","volume":"81","author":"J Janus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janus J, Moerschel SK. Evaluation of anemia in children. Am Fam Phys. 2010;81:1462\u201371.","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"6929_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040231","volume":"4","author":"I Bates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bates I, McKew S, Sarkinfada F. Anaemia: a useful indicator of neglected disease burden and control. PLoS Med. 2007;4:1285\u201390.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"6929_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000900012","volume":"106","author":"Q Juan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juan Q, Machado S, Alberto T, Silvia B, Alberto M, Myriam A-H, et al. Malaria-related anaemia: a Latin American perspective. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011;106:91\u2013104.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"6929_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-107","volume":"9","author":"DP Mathanga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mathanga DP, Campbell CH, vanden Eng J, Wolkon A, Bronzan RN, Malenga GJ, et al. Comparison of anaemia and parasitaemia as indicators of malaria control in household and EPI-health facility surveys in Malawi. Malar J. 2010;9:107.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru012","volume":"108","author":"F Castelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castelli F, Sulis G, Caligaris S. The relationship between anaemia and malaria: apparently simple, yet controversial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014;108:181\u20132.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00216-3","volume":"9","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindsay SW, Thomas MB, Kleinschmidt I. Threats to the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: thinking beyond insecticide resistance. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e1325\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"6929_CR29","unstructured":"Central Bureau of Statistics. Sudan Population Data Sheet 2018. Khartoum, Sudan; 2018."},{"key":"6929_CR30","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. National Health Sector Strategic Plan (2012\u20132016). Khartoum, Sudan: Federal Ministry of Health; 2011."},{"key":"6929_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0390","volume":"87","author":"AM Noor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noor AM, ElMardi KA, Abdelgader TM, Patil AP, Amine AAA, Bakhiet S, et al. Malaria risk mapping for control in the Republic of Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:1012\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR32","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. Malaria Indicator Survey 2012 in the Republic of Sudan. Khartoum, Sudan; 2013."},{"key":"6929_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2732-9","volume":"11","author":"BA Ismail","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ismail BA, Kafy HT, Sulieman JE, Subramaniam K, Thomas B, Mnzava A, et al. Temporal and spatial trends in insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan: outcomes from an evaluation of implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:122.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6929_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02434-w","volume":"20","author":"KA Elmardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elmardi KA, Adam I, Malik EM, Ibrahim AA, Elhassan AH, Kafy HT, et al. Anaemia prevalence and determinants in under 5 years children: findings of a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20:538.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"6929_CR35","unstructured":"WHO. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva, Switzerland; 2011."},{"key":"6929_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01401-06","volume":"76","author":"LS Vestergaard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vestergaard LS, Lusingu JP, Nielsen MA, Mmbando BP, Dodoo D, Akanmori BD, et al. Differences in human antibody reactivity to Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigens are dependent on age and malaria transmission intensity in Northeastern Tanzania. Infect Immun. 2008;76:2706\u201314.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6929_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-26","volume":"3","author":"JPA Lusingu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lusingu JPA, Vestergaard LS, Mmbando BP, Drakeley CJ, Jones C, Akida J, et al. Malaria morbidity and immunity among residents of villages with different Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in North-Eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2004;3:26.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P65","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-S2-P65","volume":"9","author":"SE Mirghani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mirghani SE, Nour BY, Bushra SM, El HI, Snow RW, Noor AM. The spatial-temporal clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection over eleven years in Gezira State. Sudan Malar J. 2010;9:P65.","journal-title":"Sudan Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR39","unstructured":"National Malaria Control Progarmme. Malaria Programme Review 2001\u20132012. Khartoum, Sudan; 2013."},{"key":"6929_CR40","volume":"15","author":"M Runge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Runge M, Snow RW, Molteni F, Thawer S, Mohamed A, Mandike R, et al. Simulating the council-specific impact of anti-malaria interventions: a tool to support malaria strategic planning in Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2020;15: e0228469.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6929_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000324","volume":"7","author":"JT Griffin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griffin JT, Hollingsworth TD, Okell LC, Churcher TS, White M, Hinsley W, et al. Reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa: a model-based evaluation of intervention strategies. PLoS Med. 2010;7: e1000324.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6929_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0953","volume":"97","author":"J Thwing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thwing J, Eckert E, Dione DA, Tine R, Faye A, Y\u00e9 Y, et al. Declines in malaria burden and all-cause child mortality following increases in control interventions in Senegal, 2005\u20132010. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(3):89\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-236","volume":"11","author":"C Karema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karema C, Aregawi MW, Rukundo A, Kabayiza A, Mulindahabi M, Fall IS, et al. Trends in malaria cases, hospital admissions and deaths following scale-up of anti-malarial interventions, 2000\u20132010, Rwanda. Malar J. 2012;11:236.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-299","volume":"9","author":"RW Steketee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steketee RW, Campbell CC. Impact of national malaria control scale-up programmes in Africa: magnitude and attribution of effects. Malar J. 2010;9:299.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713814114","volume":"114","author":"HT Kafy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kafy HT, Ismail BA, Mnzava AP, Lines J, Abdin MSE, Eltaher JS, et al. Impact of insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis on malaria incidence and prevalence in Sudan and the costs of mitigation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114:E11267\u201375.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"6929_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3101-4","volume":"11","author":"Implications of Insecticide Resistance Consortium","year":"2018","unstructured":"Implications of Insecticide Resistance Consortium. Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: trends in pyrethroid resistance during a WHO-coordinated multi-country prospective study. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:550.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6929_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0619","volume":"98","author":"RC Stebbins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stebbins RC, Emch M, Meshnick SR. The effectiveness of community bed net use on malaria parasitemia among children less than 5 years old in Liberia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:660\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1339-x","volume":"15","author":"AA Adeel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adeel AA, Elnour FAA, Elmardi KA, Abd-Elmajid MB, Elhelo MM, Ali MS, et al. High efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and declining efficacy of artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine against Plasmodium falciparum in Sudan (2010\u20132015): evidence from in vivo and molecular marker studies. Malar J. 2016;15:285.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4236\/ae.2020.84012","volume":"08","author":"AS Hien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hien AS, Soma DD, Sawadogo SP, Poda SB, Namountougou M, Ou\u00e9draogo GA, et al. Effect of Bendiocarb (Ficam\u00ae 80% WP) on entomological indices of malaria transmission by indoor residual spraying in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Adv Entomol. 2020;08:158\u201378.","journal-title":"Adv Entomol"},{"key":"6929_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2969-6","volume":"18","author":"APSA Corr\u00eaa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa APSA, Galardo AKR, Lima LA, C\u00e2mara DCP, M\u00fcller JN, Barroso JFS, et al. Efficacy of insecticides used in indoor residual spraying for malaria control: an experimental trial on various surfaces in a \u201ctest house.\u201d Malar J. 2019;18:345.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3076-4","volume":"18","author":"AK Musiime","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musiime AK, Smith DL, Kilama M, Rek J, Arinaitwe E, Nankabirwa JI, et al. Impact of vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity, outdoor vector biting rates and Anopheles mosquito species composition in Tororo, Uganda. Malar J. 2019;18:445.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145282","volume":"11","author":"JE Gimnig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gimnig JE, Otieno P, Were V, Marwanga D, Abong\u2019o D, Wiegand R, et al. The effect of indoor residual spraying on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, clinical malaria and anemia in an area of perennial transmission and moderate coverage of insecticide treated nets in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0145282.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6929_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002167","volume":"13","author":"A Katureebe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katureebe A, Zinszer K, Arinaitwe E, Rek J, Kakande E, Charland K, et al. Measures of malaria burden after long-lasting insecticidal net distribution and indoor residual spraying at three sites in Uganda: a prospective observational study. PLOS Med. 2016;13: e1002167.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"6929_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006657.pub2","author":"B Pluess","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pluess B, Tanser FC, Lengeler C, Sharp BL. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006657.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"6929_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2829-4","volume":"18","author":"C Lo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lo C, Dia AK, Dia I, Niang EHA, Konat\u00e9 L, Faye O. Evaluation of the residual efficacy of indoor residual spraying with bendiocarb (FICAM WP 80) in six health districts in Senegal. Malar J. 2019;18:198.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2608-4","volume":"11","author":"D Dengela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dengela D, Seyoum A, Lucas B, Johns B, George K, Belemvire A, et al. Multi-country assessment of residual bio-efficacy of insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in malaria control on different surface types: results from program monitoring in 17 PMI\/USAID-supported IRS countries. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:71.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"6929_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-458","volume":"6","author":"A Dj\u00e8nontin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dj\u00e8nontin A, A\u00efmihou\u00e8 O, S\u00e8zonlin M, Damien GB, Oss\u00e8 R, Soukou B, et al. The residual life of bendiocarb on different substrates under laboratory and field conditions in Benin, Western Africa. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:458.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"6929_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0607-8","volume":"8","author":"PAM Ntenda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ntenda PAM, Chilumpha S, Mwenyenkulu ET, Kazambwe JF, El-Meidany W. Clinical malaria and the potential risk of anaemia among preschool-aged children: a population-based study of the 2015\u20132016 Malawi micronutrient survey. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8:95.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"6929_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1745-8","volume":"16","author":"HE Mensah-Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mensah-Brown HE, Abugri J, Asante KP, Dwomoh D, Dosoo D, Atuguba F, et al. Assessing the impact of differences in malaria transmission intensity on clinical and haematological indices in children with malaria. Malar J. 2017;16:96.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6929_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0312","volume":"92","author":"M Kilama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kilama M, Lindsay SW, Greenhouse B, Arinaitwe E, Kamya MR, Staedke SG, et al. Malaria transmission, infection, and disease at three sites with varied transmission intensity in Uganda: implications for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:903\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6929_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01317.x","volume":"9","author":"EL Korenromp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Korenromp EL, Armstrong-Schellenberg JRMM, Williams BG, Nahlen BL, Snow RW. Impact of malaria control on childhood anaemia in Africa\u2014a quantitative review. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9:1050\u201365.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06929-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06929-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06929-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1639476268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06929-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06929-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received ethical approval from the Ethical and Technical Review Board, Directorate of Health Research, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants. For children under the age of 16 years, written informed consent was obtained from their parent\/guardian.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1248"}}