{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:37:39Z","timestamp":1792787859185,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"key R & D Program Project of Science and Technology Bureau of Qingxiu District, Nanning City, Guangxi, China","award":["2020049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, acute and fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Heggie, in Travel Med Infect Dis 8:201\u20136, 2010). Presently, the majority of reported cases in the literature have been diagnosed through pathogen detection pathogens in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This report highlights the first case of pediatric PAM diagnosed with amoeba infiltration within CSF and bloodstream of an 8-year-old male child, validated through meta-genomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An 8-year-old male child was admitted to hospital following 24\u00a0h of fever, headache and vomiting and rapidly entered into a coma. CSF examination was consistent with typical bacterial meningitis. However, since targeted treatment for this condition proved to be futile, the patient rapidly progressed to brain death. Finally, the patient was referred to our hospital where he was confirmed with brain death. CSF and blood samples were consequently analyzed through mNGS.\n                      <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in both samples, although the sequence copy number in the blood was lower than for CSF. The pathogen diagnosis was further verified by PCR and Sanger sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first reported case of pediatric PAM found in mainland China. The results indicate that\n                      <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n                      may spread outside the central nervous system through a damaged blood\u2013brain barrier.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06932-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T05:02:55Z","timestamp":1639458175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A pediatric case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shiqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu\u2019an","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunli","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2010.06.001","volume":"8","author":"TW Heggie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heggie TW. Swimming with death: Naegleria fowleri infections in recreational waters. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010;8:201\u20136.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"6932_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13192","volume":"47","author":"J Muhammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhammad J, Zahed M, Naveed M, et al. Naegleria fowleri: sources of infection, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management; a review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;47:199\u2013212.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"6932_CR3","first-page":"523","volume":"24","author":"S Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali S, Iqbal AF, Jahan FB, et al. Fatal primary meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2014;24:523\u20135.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"5","key":"6932_CR4","first-page":"331","volume":"57","author":"SY Qian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qian SY. Criteria and practical guidance for determination of brain death in children. Chin J Pediatr. 2019;57(5):331\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr"},{"key":"6932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2017.08.001","volume":"8","author":"YA Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim YA, Nissapatorn V. Transmission of waterborne parasites in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): overview and direction forward. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2017;8:75\u201383.","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"6932_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152434","volume":"11","author":"B Coupat-Goutaland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coupat-Goutaland B, R\u00e9goudis E, Besseyrias M, et al. Population structure in Naegleria fowleri as revealed by microsatellite markers. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:152434.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6932_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.05.001","volume":"72","author":"LL Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang LL, Wu M, Hu BC, et al. Identification and molecular typing of Naegleria fowleri from a patient of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in China. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;72:28\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003017","volume":"8","author":"R Siddiqui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri: an old enemy presenting new challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(8):e3017.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"6932_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991014","volume":"138","author":"JS Yoder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, et al. The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962\u20132008. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968\u201375.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"6932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu103","volume":"4","author":"LG Capewell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Capewell LG, Harris AM, Yoder JS, et al. Diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the United States, 1937\u20132013. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2015;4:e68-75.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"6932_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12536","volume":"14","author":"SL Roy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roy SL, Metzger R, Chen JG, et al. Risk for transmission of Naegleria fowleri from solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:163\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06932-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06932-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06932-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T05:04:33Z","timestamp":1639458273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06932-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06932-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient\u2019s parents for publication of this case report and the accompanying images. Copies of the written consent are available for review by the editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1251"}}