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The use of techniques targeting ova fails to detect\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as only larvae of the parasite are excreted in faeces. Due to the absence of \u201cGold\u201d standard diagnostic method for\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , there is a paucity of reported data worldwide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate the performance of diagnostic methods of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection by taking the composite reference as a \u201cGold\u201d standard.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 844 schoolchildren in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, from April to December 2019. Stool samples were collected and processed with formol-ether concentration technique (FECT), spontaneous tube sedimentation technique (STST), Baermann concentration technique (BCT), agar plate culture (APC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each diagnostic method were computed against the composite reference. The agreements of diagnostic methods were evaluated by Kappa value at 95% CI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The composite detection rate of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      by the five diagnostic methods was 39.0% (329\/844). The detection rate of the parasite from stool samples by FECT, STST, BCT, APC and RT-PCR was 2.0% (17\/844), 4.0% (34\/844), 10.2% (86\/844), 10.9% (92\/844) and 28.8% (243\/844), respectively. The highest detection rate (37.8%; 319\/844) of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was recorded by a combination of BCT, APC, and RT-PCR followed by a combination of STST, BCT, APC and RT-PCR (37.3%; 315\/844). The sensitivity of FECT, STST, BCT, APC and RT-PCR against the composite reference was 5.2%, 10.3%, 26.4%, 28.0% and 73.9%, respectively. The diagnostic agreements of RT-PCR, APC, BCT, STST and FECT with the composite reference in detection of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were substantial (0.775), fair (0.321), fair (0.305), slight (0.123), and slight (0.062), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      RT-PCR detected the highest number of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. A combination of RT-PCR with APC and\/or BCT better detected\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      from stool samples compared to other combinations or single diagnostic methods. Therefore, RT-PCR and combination of RT-PCR with APC and\/or BCT diagnostic methods should be advocated for detection of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07299-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T21:03:50Z","timestamp":1648501430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Evaluation of five diagnostic methods for Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Amhara National Regional State, northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tadesse","family":"Hailu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arancha","family":"Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endalkachew","family":"Nibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abaineh","family":"Munshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melaku","family":"Anegagrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Delmans","family":"Flores-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy-Huong Ta","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Saugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"7299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002214","volume":"2013","author":"Z Bisoffi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Montresor A, Requena-M\u00e9ndez A, Munoz J, Krolewiecki AJ, Gotuzzo E, Mena MA, Chiodini PL, Anselmi M, Moreira J, Albonico M, et al. 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Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2018;51(4):493\u2013502.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07299-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07299-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07299-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T18:07:33Z","timestamp":1666634853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07299-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07299-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was secured from the Ethical Review Committee of Science College, Bahir Dar University. Informed consent was obtained from the parents by health extension workers, after explaining the purpose and objective of the study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"297"}}