{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:04:32Z","timestamp":1764997472778,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more frequent among incarcerated people than in general population. In the DAAs era, the short schedules and the low risk of adverse reactions, increased the number of HCV treatments. However, the most part of literature reports lack of incarcerated women inclusion in studies on field. Our aim is to assess the screening execution, HCV prevalence, and DAAs treatment among incarcerated women. A focused insight on quick vs standard diagnosis and staging approach will be also provided.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Incarcerated women from 4 Italian regions\u2019 penitentiary institutes were included. HCV screening was executed with HCV saliva test (QuickOral Test<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) or phlebotomy. Stage of liver fibrosis was evaluated with FIB-4 value or fibroscan<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, based on physicians\u2019 decision. Treatment prescription followed national protocols.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We included 156 women, 89 (57%) were Italian, mean age was 41\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u00a0years, and 28 (17.9%) were people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Overall, the HCV seroprevalence was 20.5%. Being PWID and on opioid substitution therapy (OST) were significantly associated with serological status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Of them, the 75.5% of patients had active infection, the most frequent genotype was 3a (50%). Among them, 4 (16.6%) and 6 (25%) had psychosis or alcohol abuse history. The 62.5%, 25% and 12.5% had low, intermediate, and advanced fibrosis, respectively. Out of the 24 HCV-RNA positive patients, the 75% underwent to DAAs treatment. The sustained virological response (SVR12) was achieved in 88.8% of cases. When evaluating the influence of quick diagnosis and staging methods vs standard phlebotomy and fibroscan<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> on SVR12, FIB-4 use showed higher performance for retainment in treatment during prison staying (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015), while the use of quick saliva test had no influence on the outcome (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.22).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HCV seroprevalence and active infections are very high among incarcerated women. More tailored interventions should be focused on HCV diagnosis and treatment in female prison population. The use of quick staging methods (FIB-4) is useful to increase SVR12 achievement without delays caused by the fibroscan<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> awaiting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07565-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T13:06:28Z","timestamp":1657199188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["HCV spread among female incarcerated population and treatment pathways to viral elimination in Italian prison settings: clinical perspectives and medico legal aspects"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Fiore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rastrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruggero","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Di Mizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bolcato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Ialungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Dell\u2019Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Starnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Babudieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"7565_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26387","volume":"58","author":"S Larney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Larney S, Kopinski H, Beckwith CG, Zaller ND, Jarlais DD, Hagan H, et al. Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed set- tings: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2013;58:1215\u201324.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"7565_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1311941","volume":"370","author":"JD Rich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rich JD, Allen SA, Williams BA. Responding to hepatitis C through the criminal justice system. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1871\u20134.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7565_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103055","volume":"90","author":"V Fiore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiore V, De Matteis G, Ranieri R, Saderi L, Pontali E, Muredda A, et al. HCV testing and treatment initiation in an Italian prison setting: a step-by-step model to micro-eliminate hepatitis C. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;90: 103055.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"7565_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.02.012","volume":"52","author":"M Masarone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masarone M, Caruso R, Aglitti A, Izzo C, De Matteis G, Attianese MR, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in jail: difficult-to-reach, not to-treat. Results of a point-of-care screening and treatment program. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52:541\u20136.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"7565_CR5","unstructured":"University of Turin. Progetto I.Ri.D.E 2: Una ricerca intervento per definire, confrontare e valutare modelli di intervento efficaci e trasferibili di riduzione del danno e dei rischi di trasmissione di HIV nella popolazione carceraria. 2016 Nov 26. https:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/imgs\/C_17_pagineAree_200_listaFile_itemName_7_file.pdf- Accessed 2 July 2021."},{"key":"7565_CR6","unstructured":"Italian Ministry of Justice. Statistics.https:\/\/www.giustizia.it\/giustizia\/it\/mg_1_14.page?facetNode_1=0_2&selectedNode=0_2_10. Accessed 2 July 2021."},{"key":"7565_CR7","unstructured":"Italian Ministry of Health. Legge n. 8. Articolo 25 sexies. 2020 Feb 28. https:\/\/www.tuttocamere.it\/files\/Archivio1\/2020_8.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2021."},{"key":"7565_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14745","volume":"41","author":"V Fiore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiore V, Ranieri R, Dell\u2019Isola S, Pontali E, Barbarini G, Prestileo T, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of 8 week Glecaprevir\/Pibrentasvir to treat incarcerated viraemic HCV patients: a case-control study. Liver Int. 2021;41:271\u20135.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"7565_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.06.017","volume":"59","author":"E Pontali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pontali E, Fiore V, Ialungo AM, Ranieri R, Mollaretti O, Barbarini G, et al. Treatment with direct-acting antivirals in a multicenter cohort of HCV-infected inmates in Italy. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;59:50\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"7565_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9091186","volume":"9","author":"V Fiore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fiore V, De Vito A, Pontali E, Lucania L, Madeddu G, Babudieri S. Chronic viral hepatitis in the Italian prison setting: prevalence, outcomes, literature needs and perspectives. Healthcare. 2021;9:1186.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"7565_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178","volume":"43","author":"RK Sterling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa MC, Montaner J, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis patients with HIV\/HCV co-infection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1317\u201325.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"7565_CR12","unstructured":"AISF. Documento di indirizzo dell\u2019Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato per l\u2019uso razionale dei farmaci anti- HCV disponibili in Italia. 2019. https:\/\/www.webaisf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/documento_hcv_200618.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2021."},{"key":"7565_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302071","volume":"105","author":"CG Beckwith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beckwith CG, Kurth AE, Bazerman L, Solomon L, Patry E, Rich JD, et al. Survey of US correctional institutions for routine HCV testing. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:68\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"7565_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofv162","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv162","volume":"2","author":"J Bottero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bottero J, Boyd A, Gozlan J, Carrat F, Nau J, Pauti MD, et al. Simultaneous human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis B-hepatitis C point-of-care tests improve outcomes in linkage-to-care: results of a randomized control trial in persons without healthcare coverage. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015;2:ofv162.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"7565_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417696214","volume":"28","author":"S Candfield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Candfield S, Samuel MI, Ritchie D, McDonald C, Brady M, Taylor C. Use and acceptability of salivary hepatitis C virus testing in an English Young Offender Institution. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28:1234\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"7565_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0973-0","volume":"45","author":"R Ranieri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ranieri R, Starnini G, Carbonara S, Pontali E, Leo G, Romano A, et al. Management of HCV infection in the penitentiary setting in the direct-acting antivirals era: practical recommendations from an expert panel. Infection. 2017;45:131\u20138.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"7565_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229239","volume":"15","author":"C Schmidbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidbauer C, Schubert R, Sch\u00fctz A, Schwanke C, Luhn J, Gutic E, et al. Directly observed therapy for HCV with glecaprevir\/pibrentasvir alongside opioid substitution in people who inject drugs-First real world data from Austria. PLoS ONE. 2020;15: e0229239.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7565_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.04.026","volume":"19","author":"L Gallelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gallelli L, Staltari O, Palleria C, Di Mizio G, De Sarro G, Caroleo B. A case of adverse drug reaction induced by dispensing error. J Forensic Leg Med. 2012;19:497\u20138.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"7565_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217471","volume":"14","author":"PO Coffin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coffin PO, Santos GM, Behar E, Hern J, Walker J, Matheson T, et al. Randomized feasibility trial of directly observed versus unobserved hepatitis C treatment with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir among people who inject drugs. PLoS ONE. 2019;14: e0217471.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7565_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0157-x","volume":"113","author":"A Cuadrado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cuadrado A, Llerena S, Cobo C, Pall\u00e1s JR, Mateo M, Cabezas J, et al. Microenvironment eradication of hepatitis C: a novel treatment paradigm. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:1639\u201348.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"7565_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30365-4","volume":"6","author":"MJ Akiyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akiyama MJ, Kronfli N, Cabezas J, Sheehan Y, Thurairajah PH, Lines R, et al. Hepatitis C elimination among people incarcerated in prisons: challenges and recommendations for action within a health systems framework. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:391\u2013400.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"7565_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2277","volume":"357","author":"T Bellandi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellandi T, Tartaglia R, Sheikh A, Donaldson L. Italy recognises patient safety as a fundamental right. BMJ. 2017;357: j2277.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7565_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102811","volume":"59","author":"M Bolcato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolcato M, Russo M, Rodriguez D, Aprile A. Patient blood management implementation in light of new Italian laws on patient\u2019s safety. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59: 102811.","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07565-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07565-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07565-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T13:07:03Z","timestamp":1657199223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07565-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07565-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2334"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Our study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients signed an informed consent before participating. Data were fully anonymized. Our protocol was approved by Ethics Committee of Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Roma, Italy \u2013PRE BIO CE n. 38,762, req. 27\/11\/2018.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"601"}}