{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:51:24Z","timestamp":1783691484671,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Numerous scoring tools have been developed for assessing the probability of SARS-COV-2 test positivity, though few being suitable or adapted for outpatient triage of health care workers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively analysed 3069 patient records of health care workers admitted to the COVID-19 Testing Unit of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t of Munich between January 27 and September 30, 2020, for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of naso- or oropharyngeal swabs. Variables for a multivariable logistic regression model were collected from self-completed case report forms and selected through stepwise backward selection. Internal validation was conducted by bootstrapping. We then created a weighted point-scoring system from logistic regression coefficients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>4076 (97.12%) negative and 121 (2.88%) positive test results were analysed. The majority were young (mean age: 38.0), female (69.8%) and asymptomatic (67.8%). Characteristics that correlated with PCR-positivity included close-contact professions (physicians, nurses, physiotherapists), flu-like symptoms (e.g., fever, rhinorrhoea, headache), abdominal symptoms (nausea\/emesis, abdominal pain, diarrhoea), less days since symptom onset, and contact to a SARS-COV-2 positive index-case. Variables selected for the final model included symptoms (fever, cough, abdominal pain, anosmia\/ageusia) and exposures (to SARS-COV-positive individuals and, specifically, to positive patients). Internal validation by bootstrapping yielded a corrected Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve of 76.43%. We present sensitivity and specificity at different prediction cut-off points. In a subgroup with further workup, asthma seems to have a protective effect with regard to testing result positivity and measured temperature was found to be less predictive than anamnestic fever.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We consider low threshold testing for health care workers a valuable strategy for infection control and are able to provide an easily applicable triage score for the assessment of the probability of infection in health care workers in case of resource scarcity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07627-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T13:03:35Z","timestamp":1659359015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modelling of a triage scoring tool for SARS-COV-2 PCR testing in health-care workers: data from the first German COVID-19 Testing Unit in Munich"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hannah Tuulikki","family":"Hohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenter","family":"Froeschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Heumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7627_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. 2021. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/. Accessed 15 Mar 2022."},{"key":"7627_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41301-020-00256-y","author":"AZ Chowdhury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chowdhury AZ, Jomo KS. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries: lessons from selected countries of the global south. Development (Rome). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41301-020-00256-y.","journal-title":"Development (Rome)"},{"key":"7627_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern. Accessed 15 Mar 2022."},{"key":"7627_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1328","volume":"369","author":"L Wynants","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wynants L, Van Calster B, Collins GS, Riley RD, Heinze G, Schuit E, et al. Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ. 2020;369: m1328.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"7627_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00630-3","volume":"79","author":"M Locquet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Locquet M, Diep AN, Beaudart C, Dardenne N, Brabant C, Bruy\u00e8re O, et al. A systematic review of prediction models to diagnose COVID-19 in adults admitted to healthcare centers. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):105.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7627_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30071-0","volume":"8","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhou L, Yang Y, Peng W, Wang W, Chen X. Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):e11\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"7627_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175346662096301","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466620963019","volume":"14","author":"J Duan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duan J, Liang M, Li Y, Wu D, Chen Y, Gao S, et al. Definition and retrospective application of a clinical scoring system for COVID-19 triage at presentation. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020;14:1753466620963019.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"7627_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.03.015","volume":"17","author":"AH Davarpanah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davarpanah AH, Mahdavi A, Sabri A, Langroudi TF, Kahkouee S, Haseli S, et al. Novel screening and triage strategy in Iran during deadly coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: value of humanitarian teleconsultation service. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020;17(6):734\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7627_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.185","volume":"41","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Wang X, Lin H. The role of triage in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(7):772\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7627_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05561-y","volume":"20","author":"M Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang M, He M, Tang J, He X, Liu Z, Feng S, et al. Novel risk scoring system for predicting acute respiratory distress syndrome among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):960.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"7627_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780030207","volume":"3","author":"FE Harrell Jr","year":"1984","unstructured":"Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB, Rosati RA. Regression modelling strategies for improved prognostic prediction. Stat Med. 1984;3(2):143\u201352.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7627_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698","volume":"162","author":"KG Moons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moons KG, Altman DG, Reitsma JB, Ioannidis JP, Macaskill P, Steyerberg EW, et al. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(1):W1-73.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"7627_CR13","unstructured":"Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Beltekian D, Mathieu E, Hasell J, Macdonald B, Giattino C, Appel C, Rod\u00e9s-Guirao L, Roser M. Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases: daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases per million people. 2021. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-cases. Accessed 15 Mar 2022."},{"key":"7627_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b604","volume":"338","author":"P Royston","year":"2009","unstructured":"Royston P, Moons KG, Altman DG, Vergouwe Y. Prognosis and prognostic research: developing a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009;338: b604.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"7627_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"15","author":"FE Harrell Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996;15(4):361\u201387.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"7627_CR16","first-page":"29","volume":"2020","author":"N Corona-Regeln","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona-Regeln N. Das haben Bund und L\u00e4nder beschlossen. Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 2020;2020:29.","journal-title":"Sueddeutsche Zeitung"},{"issue":"2","key":"7627_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005265","volume":"11","author":"MA Hartley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartley MA, Young A, Tran AM, Okoni-Williams HH, Suma M, Mancuso B, et al. Predicting Ebola severity: a clinical prioritization score for Ebola Virus disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(2): e0005265.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"7627_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.030","volume":"95","author":"AA Agyeman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R. Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):1621\u201331.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"7627_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-022-00796-7","volume":"18","author":"Z Duma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duma Z, Chuturgoon AA, Ramsuran V, Edward V, Naidoo P, Mpaka-Mbatha MN, et al. The challenges of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing in low-middle income countries and possible cost-effective measures in resource-limited settings. Glob Health. 2022;18(1):5.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7627_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.067","volume":"81","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Tong X, Wang J, Huang W, Yin S, Huang R, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients. J Infect. 2020;81(3):420\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"7627_CR21","first-page":"184","volume":"111","author":"G Garzaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garzaro G, Clari M, Ciocan C, Grillo E, Mansour I, Godono A, et al. COVID-19 infection and diffusion among the healthcare workforce in a large university-hospital in northwest Italy. Med Lav. 2020;111(3):184\u201394.","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"key":"7627_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa193","author":"N Aggarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aggarwal N, Garg M, Dwarakanathan V, Gautam N, Kumar SS, Jadon RS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometers and thermal scanners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taaa193.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"7627_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00588-20","author":"CL Correa-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correa-Mart\u00ednez CL, Kampmeier S, K\u00fcmpers P, Schwierzeck V, Hennies M, Hafezi W, et al. A pandemic in times of global tourism: superspreading and exportation of COVID-19 cases from a Ski area in Austria. J Clin Microbiol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00588-20.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"7627_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30314-5","volume":"20","author":"MM B\u00f6hmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00f6hmer MM, Buchholz U, Corman VM, Hoch M, Katz K, Marosevic DV, et al. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):920\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"7627_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-020-00509-y","volume":"17","author":"NF Mendes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendes NF, Jara CP, Mansour E, Ara\u00fajo EP, Velloso LA. Asthma and COVID-19: a systematic review. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17(1):5.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7627_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.11.054","volume":"9","author":"S Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu S, Cao Y, Du T, Zhi Y. Prevalence of comorbid asthma and related outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(2):693\u2013701.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"7627_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01209-2021","author":"AP Sunjaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sunjaya AP, Allida SM, Di Tanna GL, Jenkins C. Asthma and risk of infection, hospitalization, ICU admission and mortality from COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01209-2021.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"1","key":"7627_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08797-3","volume":"59","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Zhi Y, Ying S. COVID-19 and asthma: reflection during the pandemic. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;59(1):78\u201388.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7627_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X21990391","volume":"41","author":"LP James","year":"2021","unstructured":"James LP, Salomon JA, Buckee CO, Menzies NA. The use and misuse of mathematical modeling for infectious disease policymaking: lessons for the COVID-19 pandemic. Med Decis Mak. 2021;41(4):379\u201385.","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"issue":"24","key":"7627_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13053","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413053","volume":"18","author":"L Coppeta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coppeta L, Ferrari C, Mazza A, Trabucco Aurilio M, Rizza S. Factors associated with pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among hospital nurses facing COVID-19 outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13053.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07627-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07627-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07627-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T13:03:43Z","timestamp":1659359023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07627-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07627-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee \u201cEthikkommission bei der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der LMU M\u00fcnchen\u201d (Approval Number 20-0711). The study was carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent for the study by the patients was waived by the ethics committee \u201cEthikkommission bei der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der LMU M\u00fcnchen\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict or competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"664"}}