{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:14:51Z","timestamp":1777338891724,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We aimed to assess the prevalence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhi through DNA and IgM-antibody detection methods as a prelude to extended surveillance activities at sites in Ghana, Madagascar, and Ethiopia.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed species-specific real-time polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) to identify bacterial nucleic acid, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting HlyE\/STY1498-, CdtB\/STY1886-, pilL\/STY4539- and Vi-antigens in blood and biopsy specimens of febrile and non-febrile subjects. We generated antigen-specific ELISA proxy cut-offs by change-point analyses, and utilized cumulative sum as detection method coupled with 1000 repetitive bootstrap analyses. We computed prevalence rates in addition to odds ratios to assess correlations between ELISA outcomes and participant characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Definitive positive RT-PCR results were obtained from samples of febrile subjects originating from Adama Zuria\/Ethiopia (1.9%, 2\/104), Wolayita Sodo\/Ethiopia (1.0%, 1\/100), Diego\/Madagascar (1.0%, 1\/100), and Kintampo\/Ghana (1.0%, 1\/100), and from samples of non-febrile subjects from Wolayita Sodo\/Ethiopia (1%, 2\/201). While IgM antibodies against all antigens were identified across all sites, prevalence rates were highest at all Ethiopian sites, albeit in non-febrile populations. Significant correlations in febrile subjects aged\u2009&lt;\u200915\u00a0years versus\u2009\u2265\u200915\u00a0years were detected for Vi (Odds Ratio (OR): 8.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034) in Adama Zuria\/Ethiopia, STY1498 (OR: 3.21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008), STY1886 (OR: 2.31, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.054) and STY4539 (OR: 2.82, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022) in Diego\/Madagascar, and STY1498 (OR: 2.45, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034) in Kintampo\/Ghana. We found statistical significance in non-febrile male <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> female subjects for STY1498 (OR: 1.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.020) in Adama Zuria\/Ethiopia, Vi (OR: 2.84, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048) in Diego\/Madagascar, and STY4539 (OR: 0.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) in Kintampo\/Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Findings indicate non-discriminatory stages of acute infections, though with site-specific differences. Immune responses among non-febrile, presumably healthy participants may mask recall and\/or reporting bias leading to misclassification, or asymptomatic, subclinical infection signs induced by suppression of inflammatory responses. As most Ethiopian participants were\u2009\u2265\u200915\u00a0years of age and not at high-risk, the true <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi burden was likely missed. Change-point analyses for generating ELISA proxy cut-offs appeared robust, though misclassification is possible. Our findings provided important information that may be useful to assess sites prior to implementing surveillance for febrile illness including <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07726-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T09:02:26Z","timestamp":1664701346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Salmonella Typhi nucleic acid by RT-PCR and anti-HlyE, -CdtB, -PilL, and -Vi IgM by ELISA at sites in Ghana, Madagascar and Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ursula","family":"Panzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ondari Daniel","family":"Mogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaw","family":"Adu-Sarkodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Toy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyon Jin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gi Deok","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Se Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeetey","family":"Enuameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellis","family":"Owusu-Dabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trinh","family":"Van Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mekonnen","family":"Teferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biruk","family":"Yeshitela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Rakotozandrindrainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"7726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.011","volume":"24","author":"MJ Maze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maze MJ, Bassat Q, Feasy NA, Mandomando I, Musicha O, Crump JA. 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J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(6):DM01-3.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07726-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07726-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07726-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T21:03:24Z","timestamp":1664744604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07726-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07726-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We received ethical clearance from committees of the International Vaccine Institute (approval number: 2015-004), South Korea, the Kintampo Health Research Centre (approval number: 2016-1), Ghana, the Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du R\u00e9publique (approval number: 109MSANP\/CE), Madagascar, and the Armauer Hansen Research Institute\/All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis, and Rehabilitation Training Center (approval number: PO38\/15) and the Ethiopian National Research Ethics Review Committee (approval number: 3.10\/116\/2016), Ethiopia. Written informed consent or fingerprint with witness signature in case of illiteracy was obtained voluntarily from each eligible participant or parent\/guardian\/legal representative in case of minors after the purpose of our investigation was explained. In addition, informed assent was completed for the age ranges\u2009\u2265\u200910 to\u2009\u2264\u200917\u00a0years in Ghana,\u2009\u2265\u200912 to\u2009\u2264\u200918\u00a0years in Madagascar, and\u2009\u2265\u200912 to\u2009\u2264\u200917\u00a0years in Ethiopia as adviced by site principal investigators. The study protocol was performed in accordance with the relevant gudielines including the declaration of Helsinki. We processed all information on enrollees anonymously. Records were maintained confidential with only restricted access.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"766"}}