{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:47:16Z","timestamp":1776926836589,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022MH105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MH105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium haemophilum<\/jats:italic> is a slow-growing non-chromogenic nontuberculous <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic> species that can cause skin infection or arthritis in an immunocompromised population or in children. Primary infection of the healthy adult cornea is rare. The special requirements for culture make this pathogen difficult to diagnose. The study aims to report the clinical manifestation and treatment process of corneal infection and notify the awareness of <jats:italic>M. Haemophilus<\/jats:italic> keratitis among clinicians. This is the first case report of primary <jats:italic>M. haemophilum<\/jats:italic> infection in the cornea of healthy adults reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 53-year-old healthy goldminer presented with left eye redness and a history of vision loss for four months. The patient was misdiagnosed with herpes simplex keratitis until <jats:italic>M. haemophilum<\/jats:italic> was detected using high-throughput sequencing. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed, and a large number of mycobacteria were detected by Ziehl-Neelsen staining of the infected tissue. Three months later, the patient developed conjunctival and eyelid skin infections that manifested as caseous necrosis of the conjunctiva and skin nodules. After excision and debridement of the conjunctival lesions and systemic antituberculosis drug treatment for 10\u2009months, the patient was cured.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>M. haemophilum<\/jats:italic> could cause primary corneal infection in healthy adults, which is an infrequent or rare infection. Owing to the need for special bacterial culture conditions, conventional culture methods do not provide positive results. High-throughput sequencing can rapidly identify the presence of bacteria, which aids in early diagnosis and timely treatment. Prompt surgical intervention is an effective treatment option for severe keratitis. Long-term systemic antimicrobial therapy is crucial.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08094-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T15:04:14Z","timestamp":1678201454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ocular Mycobacterium haemophilum infection originating in the cornea: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yu-Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7281-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"8094_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0331-1","volume":"18","author":"MD Johansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johansen MD, Herrmann JL, Kremer L. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and the rise of Mycobacterium abscessus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;18(7):392\u2013407.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8094_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2011.10.006","volume":"57","author":"RS Moorthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moorthy RS, Valluri S, Rao NA. Nontuberculous mycobacterial ocular and adnexal infections. Surv Ophthalmol. 2012;57(3):202\u201335.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"9","key":"8094_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)99034-0","volume":"105","author":"JG Ford","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ford JG, Huang AJ, Pflugfelder SC, Alfonso EC, Forster RK, Miller D. Nontuberculous mycobacterial keratitis in south Florida. 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Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:701\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8094_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01649-w","volume":"23","author":"P Pisitpayat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pisitpayat P, Sirikul T, Hongmanee P, Santanirand P, Lekhanont K. Mycobacterium haemophilum scleritis: two case reports and review of literature. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;23(1):378.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"8094_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318059b571","volume":"26","author":"MJ Millar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Millar MJ, Bulliard C, Balachandran C, Maloof AJ. Mycobacterium hemophilum infection presenting as filamentary keratopathy in an immunocompromised adult. 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A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"140"}}