{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:07:21Z","timestamp":1790622441430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic> bacteria, which is one of the top five important livestock diseases and the second top priority zoonotic disease, next to rabies, in Ethiopia, which remains a major problem for animals and public health in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to verify the existence of the outbreak, determine risk factors, and implement measures to control the anthrax outbreak in Farta woreda, South Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia in 2019.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A community-based case-control study was conducted from March 25 to April 1, 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and for review of documents and discussion with livestock and health office staff. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and presented in tables and graphs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 20 human anthrax cases with an attack rate of 2.5 per 1000 population were reported from the affected kebele. The age of the cases ranged from 1 month to 65 years (median age\u2009=\u200937.5 years). Of the total cases, 66.7% were male and 77.8% were 15 and older. The probability of developing anthrax among people who had unvaccinated animals was higher than in those who didn\u2019t have unvaccinated animals with an AOR\u2009=\u20098.113 (95% CI 1.685\u201339.056) and the probability of getting anthrax in relation to people\u2019s awareness of anthrax was AOR\u2009=\u20090.114 (95% CI 0.025\u20130.524).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An anthrax outbreak occurred in Wawa Mengera Kebele of Farta woreda. The presence of unvaccinated animals in a household was found to be a risk factor for anthrax cases. Timely animal vaccination and strengthening health education on the vaccination of animals, mode of transmission, and disposal of dead animals are essential for preventing anthrax cases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T20:51:46Z","timestamp":1679863906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Case-control study of human anthrax outbreak investigation in farta woreda, South Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Taddie","family":"Wondmnew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biset","family":"Asrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"8136_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.016","volume":"140","author":"AG Fasanella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fasanella AG, Garofolo D, Jones G. Anthrax is an undervalued zoonotic disease. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140(3\u20134):318\u201331.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"8136_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.18.1735","volume":"281","author":"TVH Inglesby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Inglesby TVH, Bartlett DA, Ascher JG, Eitzen MS, Friedlander E. Anthrax as a biological weapon-medical and public health management. JAMA. 1999;281(18):1735\u201347.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8136_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050370","volume":"9","author":"V Savransky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Savransky V, Ionin B, Reece J. Current status and trends in prophylaxis and management of anthrax disease. Pathogens. 2020;9:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9050370.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"8136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esser KS, Wolde-Yohannes K. L. Medical use and social status of the soapberry endod (phytolacca dodecandra) in Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacology, 2003; 85 (2\u20133): 269 \u2013 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00007-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"8136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v20i2.6","volume":"20","author":"G Bahiru","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bahiru G, Bekele A, Seraw B, Boulanger L, Ali A. Human and animal anthrax in Ethiopia: a retrospective record review 2009\u20132013. Ethiop Vet J. 2016;20(2):76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/evj.v20i2.6.","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"8136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02187-4","volume":"52","author":"S Gizaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gizaw S, Desta H, Alemu B, Tegegne A, Wieland B. Corrected: importance of livestock diseases identifed using participatory epidemiology in the highlands of Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;52(4):1745\u201357.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"September","key":"8136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020","volume":"184","author":"A Assefa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assefa A, Bihon A, Tibebu A. Anthrax in the Amhara regional state of Ethiopia; spatiotemporal analysis and environmental suitability modeling with an ensemble approach. Prev Vet Med. 2020;184(September):105155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.3.1535","volume":"23","author":"G Shiferaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiferaw G. Anthrax in Wabessa village in the Dessie Zuria District of Ethiopia. Rev Sci Tech. 2004;23(3):951\u20136.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"8136_CR9","unstructured":"Seboxa TG. Anthrax in Ethiopia.Geoger. Med,1998; (41):108\u201312."},{"key":"8136_CR10","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (APHI). 2016\/17-2018,2019."},{"issue":"10","key":"8136_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","volume":"14","author":"NL Mukarati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukarati NL, Matope G, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Ndhlovu DN, Caron A, Pfukenyi DM. The pattern of anthrax at the wildlife livestock-human interface in Zimbabwe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(10):1\u201320. 10.1371 \/journa l.pntd.0008800.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T20:51:58Z","timestamp":1679863918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08136-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the national regulations and institutional policies on ethics and is in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013 and has been approved by Addis Ababa University ethical review committee and Amhara Public Health Institute (APHI) on the informed consent form. A written official letter of cooperation was obtained from the Farta woreda Health Office after a brief explanation of the purpose of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"We obtained written informed consent from all study participants above 16 years of age and from their parents of the participants below 16 years of age before data collection. The data collection was started after getting permission and provision in accordance with the relevant guidelines. The study was conducted in alignment with home case treatment and prevention activities.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"167"}}