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This study aims to estimate the burden of TB\/HIV co-infection over time, describe the treatment available to TB\/HIV patients and estimate the effect of TB\/HIV co-infection on TB treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective data analyses from TB surveillance in two counties in Kenya (Nyeri and Kilifi): 2012\u20122020. All TB patients aged\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years were included. The main exposure was HIV status categorised as infected, negative or unknown status. World Health Organization TB treatment outcomes were explored; cured, treatment complete, failed treatment, defaulted\/lost-to-follow-up, died and transferred out. Time at risk was from date of starting TB treatment to six months later\/date of the event and Cox proportion with shared frailties models were used to estimate effects of TB\/HIV co-infection on TB treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study includes 27,285 patients, median (IQR) 37 (29\u201249) years old and 64% male. 23,986 (88%) were new TB cases and 91% were started on 2RHZE\/4RH anti-TB regimen. Overall, 7879 (29%, 95% 28\u201230%) were HIV infected. The proportion of HIV infected patient was 32% in 2012 and declined to 24% in 2020 (trend\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value\u2009=\u20090.01). Uptake of ARTs (95%) and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (99%) was high. Overall, 84% patients completed six months TB treatment, 2084 (7.6%) died, 4.3% LTFU, 0.9% treatment failure and 2.8% transferred out. HIV status was associated with lower odds of completing TB treatment: infected Vs negative (aOR 0.56 (95%CI 0.52\u20120.61) and unknown vs negative (aOR 0.57 (95%CI 0.44\u20120.73). Both HIV infected and unknown status were associated with higher hazard of death: (aHR 2.40 (95%CI 2.18\u20122.63) and 1.93 (95%CI 1.44\u20122.56)) respectively and defaulting treatment\/LTFU: aHR 1.16 (95%CI 1.01\u20121.32) and 1.55 (95%CI 1.02\u20122.35)) respectively. HIV status had no effect on hazard of transferring out and treatment failure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall burden of TB\/HIV coinfection was within previous pooled estimate. Our findings support the need for systematic HIV testing as those with unknown status had similar TB treatment outcomes as the HIV infected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08347-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T05:04:34Z","timestamp":1685423074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Burden of HIV and treatment outcomes among TB patients in rural Kenya: a 9-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses M.","family":"Ngari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deche","family":"Sanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiram","family":"Mathenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Agoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane K.","family":"Mberia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey G.","family":"Katana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Vaillant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman A.","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"8347_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.021","volume":"92S","author":"JM Chakaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chakaya JM, Harries AD, Marks GB. 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Study participants provided written informed consent for their data to be used. The study adhered to the Helsinki declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"362"}}