{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:16:27Z","timestamp":1775841387291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Day care centres (DCCs) are ideal settings for drug-resistant bacteria to emerge. Prevalence numbers of faecal carriage of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in these settings are rare. We aimed to determine the prevalence of faecal antimicrobial resistant bacteria carriage in children attending DCCs and to assess and identify infection risk factors within DCCs in The Netherlands and Belgium.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A point-prevalence study was conducted in 28 Dutch (499 children) and 18 Belgian (448 children) DCCs. Stool samples were taken from the children\u2019s diapers and a questionnaire was filled in by their parents. Hygiene related to stool and toilet use, hygiene related to food, environmental contamination, hand hygiene and hygiene guidelines were assessed conform a standardized questionnaire by the infection prevention and control expert visiting the DCC. Multilevel logistical regression analyses were used to define which characteristics predicted the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> (ESBL-E), carbapenemase-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> (CPE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE),\u00a0and ciprofloxacin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> (CipR-E).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ESBL-E prevalence was 16% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200971) in Belgium and 6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200930) in the Netherlands. The CipR-E prevalence was 17% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200978) in Belgium and 8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200938) in the Netherlands. Antimicrobial use (RR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.33\u20130.48) and hospital admissions (RR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.25\u20130.54) were lower in the Netherlands. Children travelling to Asia were at higher risk of being an ESBL-E carrier. Children using antimicrobials were at higher risk of being a CipR-E carrier. Cleaning the changing mat after each use was found as a protective factor for CipR-E carriage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We established a significant difference in ESBL-E and CipR-E carriage and antimicrobial use and hospital admissions between the Netherlands and Belgium among children attending DCCs. The differences between both countries should be further studied to improve the policy on anti-microbial use and hospital admissions in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-08996-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T15:03:21Z","timestamp":1706108601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cross-border differences in the prevalence and risk factors for carriage of antimicrobial resistance in children attending daycare centers: a point prevalence study in the Netherlands and Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Dequeker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitch","family":"van Hensbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casper D. 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Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(6):E256\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12150.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08996-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08996-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08996-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T15:04:07Z","timestamp":1706108647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08996-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08996-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"For the Netherlands, the study protocol was reviewed by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Maastricht University Medical Center+ (Maastricht, the Netherlands) (METC 2017-\u00ad0115). The study was judged to be beyond the scope of the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act. For Belgium, the study protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospitals Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) (S61807). The study was judged to be beyond the scope of the law on experiments on humans dated May 7th, 2004. In both countries, written informed consent for data collection and taking a faeces sample for microbiological culture was obtained from the legal representatives of all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"131"}}