{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:32:03Z","timestamp":1772998323948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Orf virus (ORFV) is the pathogen responsible for Orf, a zoonotic viral infection that can be spread to humans from sheep and goats. Here, we present a case of human Orf complicated by an immune-related reaction, to raise awareness of this under-recognized disease avoiding unnecessary investigations and overtreatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 51-year-old woman with no previous medical history presented with a one-week history of three asymptomatic swelling nodules with a grey necrotic center and red outer halo on her index finger. At physical examination there was also a pruritic papulovesicular eruption on her hands and feet. She reported a recent contact with a goat which had a similar nodular lesion in its mouth. A biopsy of the lesions was performed and a diagnosis of Orf complicated by widespread erythema multiforme was made based on the clinical and histopathological features. The lesions spontaneously resolved within the next 2 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Orf is not very prevalent in our region, so we performed a biopsy of the lesion to guide us toward a diagnosis. However, we should remember that the diagnosis of ecthyma relies on clinical evaluation and epidemiological criteria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-08998-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T02:02:33Z","timestamp":1705456953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Finger nodules with a papulovesicular hands and feet eruption: a complicated human Orf virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Salvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Tiecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Battocchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Quiros-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"8998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergqvist C, Kurban M, Abbas O. Orf virus infection. Rev Med Virol. 2017;27(4). doi: 10.1002\/rmv.1932. Epub 2017 May 8. PMID: 28480985.","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1932"},{"key":"8998_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S306446","volume":"12","author":"T Kassa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kassa T. A review on human orf: a neglected viral zoonosis. Res Rep Trop Med. 2021;12:153\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRTM.S306446. PMID: 34267574; PMCID: PMC8275206.","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"8998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hosamani M, Scagliarini A, Bhanuprakash V, McInnes CJ, Singh RK. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009;7(7):879\u2013\u200993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/eri.09.64. PMID: 19735227.","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.64"},{"key":"8998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Georgiades G, Katsarou A, Dimitroglou K. Human ORF (ecthyma contagiosum). J Hand Surg Br. 2005;30(4):409\u2013\u200911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsb.2005.03.010. PMID: 15936127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsb.2005.03.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"8998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051138","volume":"11","author":"L Rossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossi L, Tiecco G, Venturini M, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Human Orf with Immune-mediated reactions: a systematic review. Microorganisms. 2023;11(5):1138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11051138. PMID: 37317112; PMCID: PMC10224112.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"8998_CR6","first-page":"243","volume":"31","author":"F Alinejad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alinejad F, Momeni M, Keyvani H, Faramarzi S, Mahboubi O, Rahbar H. Introduction to a case of orf disease in a burn wound at Motahari Hospital. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2018;31(3):243\u20135. PMID: 30863261; PMCID: PMC6367848.","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"8998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Onyango J, Mata F, McCormick W, Chapman S. Prevalence, risk factors and vaccination efficacy of contagious ovine ecthyma (orf) in England. Vet Rec. 2014;175(13):326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.102353. Epub 2014 Jul 4. PMID: 24996900.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102353"},{"key":"8998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang R, Wang Y, Liu F, Luo S. Orf virus: A promising new therapeutic agent. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29(1):e2013. doi: 10.1002\/rmv.2013. Epub 2018 Oct 28. PMID: 30370570.","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2013"},{"key":"8998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Li X, Wu S, Mu Q, Ma L. Rapid evolving cutaneous lesions on the hand: a diagnostic challenge. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023 May-Jun;53:102572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102572. Epub 2023 Apr 7. PMID: 37030520.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102572"},{"key":"8998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johannessen JV, Krogh HK, Solberg I, Dalen A, van Wijngaarden H, Johansen B. Human orf. J Cutan Pathol. 1975;2(6):265\u2013\u200983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1975.tb00179.x. PMID: 1219046.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1975.tb00179.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"8998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15496","volume":"178","author":"E Zuelgaray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zuelgaray E, Salle de Chou C, Gottlieb J, Battistella M, Vignon-Pennamen MD, Bagot M, Guibal F, Bouaziz JD. Human orf complicated by epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(2):547\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.15496. Epub 2017 Oct 17. PMID: 28338219.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneider LE, Protschka M, M\u00fcller U, Muhsen M, Magin TM, Anderegg U, Saalbach A, B\u00fcttner M, Alber G, Siegemund S. Orf virus infection of human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts: Limited virus detection and interference with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(2):142\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.13861. PMID: 30554456.","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13861"},{"key":"8998_CR13","unstructured":"Hafsi W, Badri T, Erythema M. 2023, StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL)."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"8998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12412-8","volume":"107","author":"F Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang F, Long Q. Recent advances in diagnostic approaches for Orf virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;107(5\u20136):1515\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-023-12412-8. Epub 2023 Feb 1. PMID: 36723701.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"8998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yang K, Bai C, Yin D, Li G, Qi K, Wang G, Li Y. Development of a SYBR Green I real-time PCR for the detection of the Orf virus. AMB Express. 2017;7(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-016-0322-9. Epub 2017 Jan 7. PMID: 28063148; PMCID: PMC5218949.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0322-9"},{"key":"8998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiecco G, Degli Antoni M, Storti S, Marchese V, Foc\u00e0 E, Torti C, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. A 2021 Update on Syphilis: Taking Stock from Pathogenesis to Vaccines. Pathogens. 2021;10(11):1364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10111364. PMID: 34832520.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111364"},{"issue":"12","key":"8998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.221374","volume":"28","author":"JP Caldas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caldas JP, Valdoleiros SR, Rebelo S, Tavares M. Monkeypox after Occupational Needlestick Injury from Pustule. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(12):2516\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2812.221374. Epub 2022 Oct 17. PMID: 36252152; PMCID: PMC9707600.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"8998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.230058","volume":"29","author":"C Cavalieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cavalieri C, Dupond AS, Ferrier-Rembert A, Ferraris O, Klopfenstein T, Zayet S. Orf Nodule with Erythema Multiforme during a Monkeypox Outbreak, France, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(4):860\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2904.230058. Epub 2023 Mar 14. PMID: 36918376; PMCID: PMC10045686.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"8998_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamstra JI, van der Meij EH, de Visscher JGAM. Kattenkrabziekte [Cat scratch disease]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2021;128(1):21\u201327. Dutch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5177\/ntvt.2021.01.20049. PMID: 33449053.","DOI":"10.5177\/ntvt.2021.01.20049"},{"key":"8998_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morand A, Delaigue S, Morand JJ. Review of poxvirus: emergence of monkeypox. Med Sante Trop. 2017;27(1):29\u201339. English. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/mst.2017.0653. PMID: 28406414.","DOI":"10.1684\/mst.2017.0653"},{"issue":"6","key":"8998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60109-3","volume":"1","author":"SM Kamal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kamal SM, Rashid AK, Bakar MA, Ahad MA. Anthrax: an update. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(6):496\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60109-3. PMID: 23569822; PMCID: PMC3614207.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"50","key":"8998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0870b","volume":"117","author":"D Marckmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marckmann D, Frasnelli A. Milker\u2019s nodule (pseudocowpox) in a female patient following a calf bite. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(50):870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0870b. PMID: 33612158; PMCID: PMC8025937.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"8998_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erba\u011fci Z, Erba\u011fci I, Almila Tuncel A. Rapid improvement of human orf (ecthyma contagiosum) with topical imiquimod cream: report of four complicated cases. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005;16(5\u20136):353-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09546630500375734. PMID: 16428161.","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630500375734"},{"issue":"9","key":"8998_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090921","volume":"57","author":"A Soares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soares A, Sokumbi O. Recent updates in the Treatment of Erythema Multiforme. Med (Kaunas). 2021;57(9):921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57090921. PMID: 34577844; PMCID: PMC8467974.","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08998-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08998-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08998-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T02:02:45Z","timestamp":1705456965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08998-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-08998-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable to this case report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained and approved by the patient himself for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"95"}}