{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:53:16Z","timestamp":1791917596611,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition, most of these patients suffer from vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case\u2012control study was conducted on HIV-infected patients. Cases were patients with oral candidiasis diagnosed based on physical examinations. Controls were age- and sex-matched individuals without oral candidiasis. The levels of 25-OH vitamin D and other laboratory markers (CD4 count and viral load) were compared between the case and control groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 104 cases and 102 controls were included in the study. The cases had significantly lower 25-OH vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> levels (MD\u2009=\u200933.86 ng\/mL, 95% CI= (31.85, 35.87), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and CD4 counts (MD\u2009=\u2009267.48 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, 95% CI= (189.55, 345.41), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than the controls. In addition, viral load was significantly higher in cases than in controls (MD\u2009=\u20097.03\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> copies\/mL, 95% CI= (4.46\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>, 9.61\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that educational status (OR\u2009=\u20090.032, 95% CI= (0.002, 0.100), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), current HAART (OR\u2009=\u20090.005, 95% CI= (0.001, 0.014), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), history of oral candidiasis (OR\u2009=\u200920.114, 95% CI= (18.135, 21.957), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), CD4 count (OR\u2009=\u20090.004, 95% CI= (0.001, 0.006), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), viral load (OR\u2009=\u200912.181, 95% CI= (1.108, 133.392), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and vitamin D level (OR\u2009=\u20090.011, 95% CI= (0.008, 0.015), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were significantly associated with the risk of developing oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on the findings, most patients with HIV infection suffer from vitamin D deficiency, especially those with oral candidiasis. Hypovitaminosis D was significantly associated with an increased risk of oral candidiasis. Thus, vitamin D supplementation may assist HIV-positive patients in improving their oral health and preventing oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09065-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T10:08:04Z","timestamp":1708337284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection: A case\u2012control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Tehrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladan","family":"Abbasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Dehghan Manshadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malihe","family":"Hasannezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ghaderkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Keyvanfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azar","family":"Darvishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AmirHossein","family":"Aghdaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9065_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-019-01004-6","volume":"13","author":"JW Hellstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hellstein JW, Marek CL. 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