{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:50:46Z","timestamp":1785927046774,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas nitroreducens<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a non-fermenting, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly inhabiting soil, particularly soil contaminated with oil brine. To our knowledge, no cases of human infection with\n                      <jats:italic>P. nitroreducens<\/jats:italic>\n                      have been previously reported. Here, we present the first documented case of cholangitis caused by\n                      <jats:italic>P. nitroreducens<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a patient with bacteremia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 46-year-old Japanese man with an advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor was hospitalized with fever and chills. Four days before admission, the patient developed right upper abdominal pain. Two days later, he also experienced fever and chills. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed on the day of admission, and the patient was diagnosed as having cholangitis associated with stent dysfunction. Gram-negative rods were isolated from blood cultures, but attempts to identify the bacteria using VITEK2 and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with VITEK MS ver. 4.7.1 (bioM\u00e9rieux Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were unsuccessful. Finally, the organism was identified as\n                      <jats:italic>P. nitroreducens<\/jats:italic>\n                      using MALDI-TOF MS with a MALDI Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics Co., Ltd., Billerica, MA, USA) and 16\u00a0S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Despite thorough interviews with the patient, he denied any exposure to contaminated soil. The patient was treated with intravenous cefepime and oral ciprofloxacin for 16 days based on susceptibility results, achieving a good therapeutic outcome. At the outpatient follow-up on day 28, the patient was in good general condition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first reported human case of cholangitis with bloodstream infection caused by\n                      <jats:italic>P. nitroreducens<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This report provides clinicians with novel insights into the clinical manifestations and diagnostic methods necessary for the accurate diagnosis of\n                      <jats:italic>P. nitroreducens<\/jats:italic>\n                      , along with guidance on treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09092-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1707480163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cholangitis with bacteremia due to Pseudomonas nitroreducens in a patient with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Naoya","family":"Itoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyofumi","family":"Ohkusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"9092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.10.207","volume":"10","author":"H Iizuka","year":"1964","unstructured":"Iizuka H, Komagata K. Microbiological studies on petroleum and natural gas. I. determination of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 1964;10:207\u201321.","journal-title":"J Gen Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"9092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01262","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01262-13","volume":"2","author":"SL Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang SL, Chen H, Hu A, Tuan NN, Yu CP. Draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas nitroreducens strain TX1, which degrades nonionic surfactants and estrogen-like alkylphenols. Genome Announc. 2014;2:e01262\u201313.","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"9092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gdata.2017.07.011","volume":"14","author":"R Iyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iyer R, Iken B, Damania A. Genome of Pseudomonas nitroreducens DF05 from dioxin contaminated sediment downstream of the San Jacinto River waste pits reveals a broad array of aromatic degradation gene determinants. Genom Data. 2017;14:40\u20133.","journal-title":"Genom Data"},{"key":"9092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002082303615","volume":"75","author":"J Yao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yao J, Zhang G, Wu Q, Chen GQ, Zhang R. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas nitroreducens. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1999;75:345\u20139.","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"9092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241327","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-241327","volume":"14","author":"TL Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner TL, Wunderink R, Ozer E, Hauser A. First report of Pseudomonas nitroreducens cultured from the lungs of a patient with pneumonia. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e241327.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"9092_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne M, Anne-Laure M, Estelle JB. Atypical bacteria in the CF airways: diversity, clinical consequences, emergence and adaptation. Cystic Fibrosis - Renewed Hopes Through Research 2012. https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/cystic-fibrosis-renewed-hopes-through-research\/atypical-bacteria-in-the-cf-airways-diversity-clinical-consequences-emergence-and-adaptation. Accessed 02 Sept 2023.","DOI":"10.5772\/30253"},{"key":"9092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003578","volume":"3","author":"J Wagner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wagner J, Short K, Catto-Smith AG, Cameron DJ, Bishop RF, Kirkwood CD. Identification and characterisation of Pseudomonas 16S ribosomal DNA from ileal biopsies of children with Crohn\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3578.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M, Ma Q, Kong D, Han X, Che J, Zhou Y et al. Pseudomonas Nicosulfuronedens sp. nov., a nicosulfuron degrading bacterium, isolated from a microbial consortium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2021;71.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004632"},{"key":"9092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.1.1810115","volume":"181","author":"K Arai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arai K, Kawai K, Kohda W, Tatsu H, Matsui O, Nakahama T. Dynamic CT of acute cholangitis: early inhomogeneous enhancement of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:115\u20138.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"9092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.518","volume":"25","author":"H Gomi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomi H, Solomkin JS, Schlossberg D, Okamoto K, Takada T, Strasberg SM, et al. Tokyo guidelines 2018: antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018;25:3\u201316.","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09092-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09092-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09092-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T12:02:56Z","timestamp":1707480176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09092-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09092-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3318565\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case report and the accompanying images. A copy of the written consent form is available for review by the journal editor.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"180"}}