{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:27Z","timestamp":1787020167590,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. are the causes of neglected infections that can lead to severe febrile and systemic illnesses in humans. Implementing proper biosafety practices when handling these pathogens is crucial to ensure a safe and sustainable work environment. It is essential to assess the current knowledge and identify any potential gaps to develop effective measures that minimise the risk of exposure to these pathogens. By doing so, we can establish a comprehensive framework that promotes safety, mitigates hazards, and safeguards the well-being of personnel and the surrounding community.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review aimed to synthesise and determine the evidence base for biosafety precautions for\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. pathogens. Enhancing our understanding of the relative infectious risk associated with different strains of\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. requires identifying the infectious dose of these pathogens that can cause human disease. The application of risk groups for\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. is inconsistent across jurisdictions. There is also incomplete evidence regarding decontamination methods for these pathogens. With regards to\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. most of the available information is derived from experiments conducted with\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. are neglected diseases, as demonstrated by the lack of evidence-based and specific biosafety information about these pathogens. In the case of\n                      <jats:italic>Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., most of the available information is derived from\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., which may not be appropriate and overstate the risks of working with this pathogen. The advent of effective antibiotic therapy and a better understanding of the true hazards and risks associated with pathogen manipulation should inform decisions, allowing a sustainable and safe work environment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09151-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T09:02:29Z","timestamp":1709197349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gaps and inconsistencies in the current knowledge and implementation of biosafety and biosecurity practices for rickettsial pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Stuart D.","family":"Blacksell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanh Kim","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artharee","family":"Rungrojn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jantana","family":"Wongsantichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9151_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.: Laboratory biosafety manual, fourth edition. In. Geneva World Health Organization; 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"9151_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"28","author":"SD Blacksell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blacksell SD, Dhawan S, Kusumoto M, Le KK, Summermatter K, O\u2019Keefe J, Kozlovac J, Suhail Almuhairi S, Sendow I, Scheel CM, et al. The Biosafety Research Road Map: the search for evidence to Support practices in Human and Veterinary Laboratories. Appl Biosaf. 2023;28(2):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"9151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.09.012","volume":"17","author":"S Shpynov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shpynov S, Pozdnichenko N, Gumenuk A. Approach for classification and taxonomy within family Rickettsiaceae based on the formal order analysis. Microbes Infect. 2015;17(11\u201312):839\u201344.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"9151_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01346.x","volume":"39","author":"JJ Gillespie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gillespie JJ, Kaur SJ, Rahman MS, Rennoll-Bankert K, Sears KT, Beier-Sexton M, Azad AF. Secretome of obligate intracellular Rickettsia. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2015;39(1):47\u201380.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9151_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.010","volume":"33","author":"LS Blanton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanton LS. The rickettsioses: a practical update. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33(1):213\u201329.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"9151_CR6","first-page":"1319","volume":"10","author":"AG Stewart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stewart AG. An update on the Laboratory diagnosis of Rickettsia Spp. Infection. Pathogens (Basel Switzerland). 2021;10(10):1319.","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"9151_CR7","unstructured":"Rickettsial Diseases-CDC Yellow Book. 2024 [https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/travel\/yellowbook\/2024\/infections-diseases\/rickettsial-diseases]."},{"key":"9151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Richards AL. Origins, Importance and Genetic Stability of the Prototype Strains Gilliam, Karp and Kato of Orientia tsutsugamushi. In: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease vol. 4; 2019.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020075"},{"key":"9151_CR9","unstructured":"Flea-borne (murine) typhus [https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/typhus\/murine\/index.html]."},{"key":"9151_CR10","unstructured":"Pathogen Safety Data Sheets.: Infectious Substances\u2013 Rickettsia rickettsii [https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity\/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment\/rickettsia-rickettsii.html]."},{"key":"9151_CR11","unstructured":"Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF). [https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rmsf\/index.html]."},{"key":"9151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahon SE, Smulowitz PB. Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) Attack. In: Ciottone\u2019s Disaster Medicine (Second Edition) edn. Edited by Ciottone GR. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016: 721\u2013723.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-28665-7.00130-8"},{"key":"9151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent G. Scrub Typhus and Its Causative Agent, Orientia tsutsugamushi. In: Rickettsiales: Biology, Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development edn. Edited by Thomas S; 2016: 329\u2013372.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46859-4_16"},{"issue":"1","key":"9151_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011051","volume":"17","author":"MC de la Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"de la Silva MC, Perez C, Martinez-Valdebenito C, Perez R, Vial C, Stekolnikov A, Abarca K, Weitzel T, Acosta-Jamett G. Eco-epidemiology of rodent-associated trombiculid mites and infection with Orientia spp. in Southern Chile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17(1):e0011051.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"9151_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208449","volume":"388","author":"GM Varghese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varghese GM, Dayanand D, Gunasekaran K, Kundu D, Wyawahare M, Sharma N, Chaudhry D, Mahajan SK, Saravu K, Aruldhas BW, et al. Intravenous doxycycline, azithromycin, or both for severe Scrub Typhus. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(9):792\u2013803.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9020","key":"9151_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02501-9","volume":"348","author":"G Watt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Watt G, Chouriyagune C, Ruangweerayud R, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Jongsakul K, Teja-Isavadharm P, Bhodhidatta D, Corcoran KD, Dasch GA, et al. Scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in northern Thailand. Lancet. 1996;348(9020):86\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"9151_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz972","volume":"70","author":"T Wangrangsimakul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wangrangsimakul T, Phuklia W, Newton PN, Richards AL, Day NPJ. Scrub Typhus and the misconception of doxycycline resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(11):2444\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"9151_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton PN, Keolouangkhot V, Lee SJ, Choumlivong K, Sisouphone S, Choumlivong K, Vongsouvath M, Mayxay M, Chansamouth V, Davong V et al. A Prospective, Open-label, Randomized Trial of Doxycycline Versus Azithromycin for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Murine Typhus. Clin Infect Dis 2019, 68(5):738\u2013747.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy563"},{"issue":"1","key":"9151_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4653-4","volume":"19","author":"SD Blacksell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blacksell SD, Robinson MT, Newton PN, Ruanchaimun S, Salje J, Wangrangsimakul T, Wegner MD, Abdad MY, Bennett AM, Richards AL, et al. Biosafety and biosecurity requirements for Orientia spp. diagnosis and research: recommendations for risk-based biocontainment, work practices and the case for reclassification to risk group 2. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1044.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"9151_CR20","unstructured":"Risk group database. [https:\/\/my.absa.org\/Riskgroups]."},{"issue":"10","key":"9151_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01604.x","volume":"31","author":"SB Tamrakar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamrakar SB, Haas CN. Dose-response model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) for human. Risk Anal. 2011;31(10):1610\u201321.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"9151_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.5.719-723.1979","volume":"10","author":"JC Gonder","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gonder JC, Kenyon RH, Pedersen CE Jr. Evaluation of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys. J Clin Microbiol. 1979;10(5):719\u201323.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9151_CR23","first-page":"725","volume":"37","author":"LS Sammons","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sammons LS, Kenyon RH, Burger GT, Pedersen CE Jr., Spertzel RO. Changes in blood serum constituents and hematologic values in Macaca mulatta with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Vet Res. 1976;37(6):725\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9151_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1128\/br.30.3.636-645.1966","volume":"30","author":"S Saslaw","year":"1966","unstructured":"Saslaw S, Carlisle HN. Aerosol infection of monkeys with Rickettsia rickettsii. Bacteriol Rev. 1966;30(3):636\u201345.","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"9151_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.3.340","volume":"128","author":"HL DuPont","year":"1973","unstructured":"DuPont HL, Hornick RB, Dawkins AT, Heiner GG, Fabrikant IB, Wisseman CL Jr., Woodward TE. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a comparative study of the active immunity induced by inactivated and viable pathogenic Rickettsia rickettsii. J Infect Dis. 1973;128(3):340\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"9151_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2307\/4579181","volume":"44","author":"KF Maxey","year":"1929","unstructured":"Maxey KF. Endemic typhus fever of the south-eastern United States: reaction of the guinea pig. Public Health Rep. 1929;44:589\u2013600.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"9151_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1139\/m67-065","volume":"13","author":"JA McKiel","year":"1967","unstructured":"McKiel JA, Bell EJ, Lackman DB. Rickettsia Canada: a new member of the typhus group of rickettsiae isolated from Haemaphysalis leporispalustris ticks in Canada. Can J Microbiol. 1967;13(5):503\u201310.","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9151_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.70.5.461","volume":"70","author":"EJ Bell","year":"1953","unstructured":"Bell EJ, Pickens EG. A toxic substance associated with the rickettsias of the spotted fever group. J Immunol. 1953;70(5):461\u201372.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"9151_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.84.2.171","volume":"84","author":"EJ Bell","year":"1960","unstructured":"Bell EJ, Stoenner HG. Immunologic relationships among the spotted fever group of rickettsias determined by toxin neutralization tests in mice with convalescent animal serums. J Immunol. 1960;84:171\u201382.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9151_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.19.1.239-245.1978","volume":"19","author":"R Ormsbee","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ormsbee R, Peacock M, Gerloff R, Tallent G, Wike D. Limits of rickettsial infectivity. Infect Immun. 1978;19(1):239\u201345.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"31","key":"9151_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00505-X","volume":"21","author":"TC Chan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chan TC, Jiang J, Temenak JJ, Richards AL. Development of a rapid method for determining the infectious dose (ID)50 of Orientia tsutsugamushi in a scrub typhus mouse model for the evaluation of vaccine candidates. Vaccine. 2003;21(31):4550\u20134.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"9151_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006305","volume":"12","author":"P Sunyakumthorn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sunyakumthorn P, Somponpun SJ, Im-Erbsin R, Anantatat T, Jenjaroen K, Dunachie SJ, Lombardini ED, Burke RL, Blacksell SD, Jones JW, et al. Characterization of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) scrub typhus model: susceptibility to intradermal challenge with the human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(3):e0006305.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"9151_CR33","first-page":"565","volume":"33","author":"ST Tay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tay ST, Rohani MY, Ho TM, Devi S. Virulence of Malaysian isolates of Orientia tsutsugamushi in mice. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33(3):565\u20139.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"9151_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01135.x","volume":"40","author":"I Nagano","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nagano I, Kasuya S, Noda N, Yamashita T. Virulence in mice of Orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients in a new endemic area in Japan. Microbiol Immunol. 1996;40(10):743\u20137.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"9151_CR35","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Institutes of Health: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, vol. 2023, 6th edn; 2020."},{"key":"9151_CR36","unstructured":"ePATHogen - Risk Group Database. [https:\/\/health.canada.ca\/en\/epathogen]."},{"key":"9151_CR37","unstructured":"Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations. [http:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/coshh\/]."},{"key":"9151_CR38","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS\/NZS 2243.3.2010 Safety in Laboratories Part 3: Microbiological Safety and Containment. In."},{"key":"9151_CR39","unstructured":"Biologicals, Act T. (Chap. 24A) [https:\/\/sso.agc.gov.sg\/Act\/BATA2005]."},{"key":"9151_CR40","unstructured":"Classification of Organisms. Part 1: Bacteria Status January 2013 [https:\/\/www.bafu.admin.ch\/bafu\/en\/home\/topics\/biotechnology\/publications-studies\/publications\/classification-of-organisms.html]."},{"issue":"Part 80a","key":"9151_CR41","first-page":"9","volume":"132","author":"Pathogens and Animal Toxins Act","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pathogens and Animal Toxins Act. Government Gaz. 2015;132(Part 80a):9\u201338.","journal-title":"Government Gaz"},{"issue":"6","key":"9151_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007054","volume":"13","author":"AF Londono","year":"2019","unstructured":"Londono AF, Mendell NL, Walker DH, Bouyer DH. A biosafety level-2 dose-dependent lethal mouse model of spotted fever rickettsiosis: Rickettsia parkeri Atlantic Rainforest strain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(6):e0007054.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"9151_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197503202921217","volume":"292","author":"DJ Sexton","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sexton DJ, Gallis HA, McRae JR, Cate TR. Letter: possible needle-associated Rocky Mountain spotted fever. N Engl J Med. 1975;292(12):645.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9151_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191251","volume":"26","author":"S Vilges de Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vilges de Oliveira S, Faccini-Mart\u00ednez \u00c1A, Adelino TER, de Lima Dur\u00e9 A\u00cd, Barbieri ARM, Labruna MB. Needlestick-Associated Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(4):815\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"9151_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197710202971604","volume":"297","author":"CN Oster","year":"1977","unstructured":"Oster CN, Burke DS, Kenyon RH, Ascher MS, Harber P, Pedersen CE Jr. Laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The hazard of aerosol transmission. N Engl J Med. 1977;297(16):859\u201363.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9151_CR46","first-page":"105","volume":"13","author":"RM Pike","year":"1976","unstructured":"Pike RM. Laboratory-associated infections: summary and analysis of 3921 cases. Health Lab Sci. 1976;13(2):105\u201314.","journal-title":"Health Lab Sci"},{"key":"9151_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.33.100179.000353","volume":"33","author":"RM Pike","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pike RM. Laboratory-associated infections: incidence, fatalities, causes, and prevention. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1979;33:41\u201366.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9151_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy675","volume":"68","author":"SD Blacksell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blacksell SD, Robinson MT, Newton PN, Day NPJ. Laboratory-acquired Scrub Typhus and Murine Typhus infections: the argument for a risk-based Approach to Biosafety requirements for Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia typhi Laboratory activities. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(8):1413\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6386","key":"9151_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar2231","volume":"360","author":"K Kojima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kojima K, Booth CM, Summermatter K, Bennett A, Heisz M, Blacksell SD, McKinney M. Risk-based reboot for global lab biosafety. Science. 2018;360(6386):260\u20132.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9151_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthi S, Goel S, Kaur J, Bisht K, Biswal M. A review of Rickettsial diseases Other Than Scrub Typhus in India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023, 8(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8050280"},{"key":"9151_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12709","volume":"20","author":"N Wurtz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wurtz N, Grobusch MP, Raoult D. Negative impact of laws regarding biosecurity and bioterrorism on real diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:507\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"9151_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2023.100679","volume":"43","author":"NN Abuelezam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abuelezam NN, Michel I, Marshall BD, Galea S. Accounting for historical injustices in mathematical models of infectious disease transmission: an analytic overview. Epidemics. 2023;43:100679.","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9151_CR53","first-page":"222","volume":"67","author":"LA Colby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colby LA, Quenee LE, Zitzow LA. Considerations for infectious Disease Research studies using animals. Comp Med. 2017;67(3):222\u201331.","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9151_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1845","volume":"6","author":"NC Grassly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grassly NC, Fraser C. Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6(6):477\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9151_CR55","volume-title":"The Rickettsial diseases","author":"PF Zdrodovskii","year":"1960","unstructured":"Zdrodovskii PF, Golinevich HM. The Rickettsial diseases. New York and Oxford: Pergamon; 1960."},{"issue":"6","key":"9151_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00507-2","volume":"19","author":"J Salje","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salje J. Cells within cells: Rickettsiales and the obligate intracellular bacterial lifestyle. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(6):375\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9151_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13709","volume":"105","author":"S Atwal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Atwal S, Giengkam S, Chaemchuen S, Dorling J, Kosaisawe N, VanNieuwenhze M, Sampattavanich S, Schumann P, Salje J. Evidence for a peptidoglycan-like structure in Orientia tsutsugamushi. Mol Microbiol. 2017;105(3):440\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"9151_CR58","unstructured":"List of bacteria and related. presenting at the wild state a biological risk for immunocompetent humans and\/or animals and corresponding maximum biological class of risk [https:\/\/www.biosafety.be\/sites\/default\/files\/h_a_bacteries.pdf]."},{"key":"9151_CR59","unstructured":"Directive 2000\/54\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September. 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (seventh individual directive within the Mean Article 16(1) of Directive 89\/391\/EEC) [https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:02000L0054-20200624]."},{"key":"9151_CR60","unstructured":"List of biological agents. and toxins [https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sg\/docs\/librariesprovider7\/useful-info-and-guidelines-documents\/list_of_biological_agents_and_toxins.pdf]."},{"key":"9151_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-77","volume":"12","author":"SB Tamrakar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamrakar SB, Huang Y, Teske SS, Haas CN. Dose-response model of murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi): time post inoculation and host age dependency analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:77.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09151-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09151-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09151-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T05:02:53Z","timestamp":1709701373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09151-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09151-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Table 2 was misaligned in the pdf version of the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"268"}}