{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:58:43Z","timestamp":1783792723992,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 is a rare and serious medical condition. This study aims to review the clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, outcomes, and management of MIS-C cases in a pediatric hospital in Syria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate MIS-C between May 2020 and October 2021. Data collection involved extracting information from medical records, and patients were identified based on the case definition established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Various laboratory investigations, diagnostic evaluations, clinical presentations, and treatments were performed to assess patients. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 232 COVID-19 cases were reported with COVID-19 Infection. Among these cases, 25 (10.77%) were identified as MIS-C. The median age of the patients was 5.5 years, with the majority being male patients (72%). Patients experienced fever (100%), bilateral conjunctivitis (88%), rash (84%), gastrointestinal symptoms (76%), and cardiac dysfunction (72%). Other notable findings included oral cavity changes (64%), edema (36%), cervical lymphadenopathy (36%), and neurological manifestations (28%). Respiratory symptoms were uncommon (16%). All patients recovered, with no recorded deaths.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The predominant presence of positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the majority of patients in this study supports the post-infectious nature of MIS-C. Respiratory symptoms were less prevalent in both pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C patients. Early supportive care is crucial in management, although additional research is needed to establish definitive guidelines. Larger studies are necessary to overcome the limitations of this study and to enhance our understanding of MIS-C in pediatric COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09197-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T21:25:24Z","timestamp":1710537924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical presentation and management of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with covid-19: a retrospective observational descriptive study in a pediatric hospital in Syria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eman","family":"Shhada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5986-4383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Hamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Alakbar","family":"Nahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basheer","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawssan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang A et al. COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: a systematic review 2020. 24: p. 100433.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100433"},{"key":"9197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall A et al. Paediatric olfactory dysfunction: a chance to detect COVID-19? 2021. 106(3): p. e17-e17.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319971"},{"key":"9197_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor R et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Related to SARS-CoV-2 and 1-Year Follow-up 2022: p. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-022-04385-9"},{"key":"9197_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaker R et al. Presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in children: a meta-analysis of published studies. 2020. 125(3): p. e330\u20132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.05.026"},{"key":"9197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L et al. What we know so far about Coronavirus Disease 2019 in children: a meta-analysis of 551 laboratory\u2010confirmed cases. 2020. 55(8): p. 2115\u201327.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24869"},{"key":"9197_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazer MB et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: host immunologic responses. 2022. 23(4): p. 315\u201320.","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002897"},{"key":"9197_CR7","unstructured":"Kim L et al. COVID-NET Surveillance Team. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of children aged\u2009<\u200918 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19\u2014COVID-NET, 14 states, March 1-July 25, 2020. 2020. 69(32): p. 1081\u20138."},{"key":"9197_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DANESHGARAN G, Dubin DP. and D.J.J.A.j.o.c.d. GOULD, Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es cut\u00e2neas do COVID-19: uma revis\u00e3o baseada em evid\u00eancias 2020. 31: p. 627\u2013639.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00558-4"},{"key":"9197_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gisondi P et al. Cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV\u20102 infection: a clinical update. 2020. 34(11): p. 2499\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16774"},{"key":"9197_CR10","unstructured":"Organization WH. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19: scientific brief, 15 May 2020. World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"9197_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito S et al. How to manage children if a second wave of COVID-19 occurs. 2020. 24(10): p. 1116\u20138.","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0543"},{"key":"9197_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuhara J et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children: a systematic review. 2020. 55(10): p. 2565\u201375.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24991"},{"key":"9197_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou F et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. 2020. 395(10229): p. 1054\u201362.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"9197_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito S, Polinori I. and D.J.F.i.p. Rigante, the gut microbiota-host partnership as a potential driver of Kawasaki syndrome. 2019. 7: p. 124.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00124"},{"issue":"2","key":"9197_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-020-00435-x","volume":"23","author":"S Esposito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esposito S, Principi N. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to SARS-CoV-2. 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Approval for the study was obtained from the Ethical Committee at Damascus University\u2019s Faculty of Medicine (ID: MD130623-112). Informed consent was obtained from their legal guardians of all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable (NA).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"322"}}