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To investigate the extent of antimicrobial resistance and prioritize the utility of novel drugs, we evaluated the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Ecuador in 2022.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-five clinical isolates of carbapenem non-susceptible gram-negative bacilli were collected from six hospitals in Ecuador. Carbapenem resistance was confirmed with meropenem disk diffusion assays following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Carbapenemase production was tested using a modified carbapenemase inactivation method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested with a disk diffusion assay, the Vitek 2 System, and gradient diffusion strips. Broth microdilution assays were used to assess colistin susceptibility. All the isolates were screened for the\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC,<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>NDM,<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-48,<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>IMP<\/jats:sub>\n                      genes\n                      <jats:sub>.<\/jats:sub>\n                      In addition,\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were screened for the\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-23<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>OXA<\/jats:italic>\n                        -58\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-24\/40<\/jats:sub>\n                      genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Carbapenemase production was observed in 96.84% of the isolates. The\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n                      genes were detected in Enterobacterales, with\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                      being predominant. The\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub>\n                      gene was detected in\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA-24\/40<\/jats:sub>\n                      predominated in\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Most of the isolates showed co-resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole. Both ceftazidime\/avibactam and meropenem\/vaborbactam were active against carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli that produce serin-carbapenemases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in Ecuador is dominated by carbapenemase-producing\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      harbouring\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Extensively drug resistant (XDR)\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were identified, and their identification revealed the urgent need to implement strategies to reduce the dissemination of these strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09248-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T03:01:36Z","timestamp":1712372496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0896-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Soria-Segarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Soria-Segarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Molina-Matute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivanna","family":"Agreda-Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Quezada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerly","family":"Cevallos-Apolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Miranda-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Salazar-Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Galarza-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Vega-Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Villacis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"9248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70222-1","volume":"9","author":"BG Knols","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knols BG, Smallegange RC, Tacconelli E, Magrini N, Kahlmeter G, Singh N. 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