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Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the prevalence of <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> among immunocompromised children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was conducted on 130 stool samples from patients with diarrhea who had defects in the immune system and were referred to Hazrat Masoumeh Children\u2019s Hospital in Qom. Demographic information, clinical symptoms, immune status, and duration of chemotherapy were also recorded for each child. DNAs were extracted from the stool, and then direct PCR assays were done by specific primers for the detection of <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., and toxigenic <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, including <jats:italic>tcdA\/B<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>cdtA\/B<\/jats:italic> genes. Co-infection in patients was also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>60.8% and 39.2% were male and female, respectively, with a m\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD age of 56.72\u2009\u00b1\u200940.49 months. Most cases of immunocompromised states were related to Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (77.7%) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (14.6%). 93.1% of patients were undergoing chemotherapy during the study. Among patients, most clinical symptoms were related to bloody diarrhea (98.5%) and fever (92.3%). Based on PCR, 14.6, 9.2, and 1.5% were positive for <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Among the <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>-positive cases, the <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic> gene was only detected in one patient. In total, three co-infections were identified, which included <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp.\/<jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>), <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first study in Iran to investigate the simultaneous prevalence of some pathogens in immunocompromised children with diarrhea. Because <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> are not routinely detected in some laboratories, infections caused by them are underappreciated in the clinic. Our results showed that these pathogens are present in our region and can cause gastroenteritis in children, especially those with underlying diseases. Therefore, increasing the level of hygiene in some areas and controlling bacterial diarrheal diseases should be given more attention by health officials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09372-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T05:01:46Z","timestamp":1716354106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the prevalence of Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp., and Clostridioides difficile in immunocompromised children with diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hosein","family":"Heydari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Iranikhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Mohammadbeigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Sadat-Mirei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Kermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9372_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2012.06.009","volume":"41","author":"E Krones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krones E, H\u00f6genauer C. 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