{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:49:15Z","timestamp":1789390155135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is common in sub-Saharan Africa and often secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Anaerobes associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) are also found in PIDs widely dominated by <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis)<\/jats:italic>, whose role in TFI is better demonstrated than that of BV.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of BV and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and to investigate the association between BV, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and TFI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We included 137 patients treated for infertility between January 2020 and November 2021. Cases were defined as women with infertility aged 18-45 years presenting with TFI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 52), and controls as infertile women in the same age groups without TFI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 85). Data on social habits, life style and infertility parameters were collected, and we performed screening for BV and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. Multiple regression was used to measure associations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of BV and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> was 42.3% (58\/137) and 23.4% (32\/137), respectively. BV (61.5% vs 30.6%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (48.1 vs 8.2%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) were more frequent in cases of TFI.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>BV and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> increased the risk of TFI approximately 4-fold [aOR: 3.77 (1.61-8.83), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.002] and 14-fold [aOR: 13.77 (4.59-41.27), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001], respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>BV and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection are strongly associated with TFI in Bukavu. Prevention and screening should be implemented to reduce the risk of TFI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09379-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1715324535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal factor infertility in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jules","family":"Mongane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Hendwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Sengeyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Kajibwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Kampara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Chentwali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Kalegamire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Barhishindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Kujirakwinja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne Beija","family":"Maningo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kasago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Mulinganya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, Racowsky C, de Mouzon J, Sokol R, et al. 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