{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:19:07Z","timestamp":1793830747778,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common health problems worldwide and mainly affect women. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of UTIs in pregnant women and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic medical center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January to June 2022. The study included all urine cultures performed for adult women during the study period. We excluded urine culture performed for women on antibiotics prescribed for any infection, children, and men. Using the SPSS (version 27) package, descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used\u00a0to analyze\u00a0the data, and\u00a0<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 2,418 urine cultures performed during the study period were included (985 and 1,433 for pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively). The overall prevalence of UTIs in pregnant women was 5% (95% CI 3.6\u20136.4); 10 (1%) women were symptomatic, and 40 (4%) women were asymptomatic. Of the entire cohort, 244 (10.1%) women were diagnosed with UTIs based on bacterial cultures. The predominant bacteria in both pregnant and nonpregnant women were <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (134, 54.9%), followed by <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (48, 19.6%).<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>The antibiotic susceptibility criteria for <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were as follows: nitrofurantoin (94% and 18.8%, respectively), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (82.8% and 70.8%, respectively), ciprofloxacin (65.7% and 83.3%, respectively), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (65.7% and 79.2%, respectively) and cephalothin (47% and 68.8%, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared to the findings of other similar studies, the prevalence of UTIs was lower in pregnant women. This may be because the patient population was composed of healthy and educated women who received prenatal education and underwent prenatal assessment as per institutional guidelines. Nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are recommended for use as an empirical therapy for UTIs in pregnant and nonpregnant women because bacteria have the least amount of resistance to these drugs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09385-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T12:01:59Z","timestamp":1716033719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women and antimicrobial resistance patterns in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Barnawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlam","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alnada","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Al-Anazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"Alhumaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dareen","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alraey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afrah","family":"Alkazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajar","family":"Alqhatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeel","family":"Waggas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2021.105382","volume":"20","author":"K Czajkowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Czajkowski K, Bro\u015b-Konopielko M, Teliga-Czajkowska J. Urinary tract infection in women. Menopause Rev. 2021;20(1):40\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/pm.2021.105382.","journal-title":"Menopause Rev"},{"key":"9385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9356865","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9356865","volume":"2020","author":"D Abate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abate D, Marami D, Letta S. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of urinary tract infections among pregnant and nonpregnant women at public health facilities, Harar, eastern Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020;2020:e9356865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/9356865.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9385_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4103\/UA.UA_104_19","volume":"11","author":"NF Abou Heidar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abou Heidar NF, Degheili JA, Yacoubian AA, Khauli RB. 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Considering the retrospective and anonymous nature of the study, the ethics committee did not require written informed consent from the patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"502"}}