{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:03:41Z","timestamp":1782860621159,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GH001353\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GH001353\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 2022, an Ebola disease outbreak caused by Sudan virus (SUDV) occurred in Uganda, primarily affecting Mubende and Kassanda districts. We determined risk factors for SUDV infection among household members (HHM) of cases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a case-control and retrospective cohort study in January 2023. Cases were RT-PCR-confirmed SUDV infection in residents of Mubende or Kassanda districts during the outbreak. Case-households housed a symptomatic, primary case-patient for \u2265\u200924\u00a0h and had\u2009\u2265\u20091 secondary case-patient with onset\u2009&lt;\u20092 weeks after their last exposure to the primary case-patient. Control households housed a case-patient and other HHM but no secondary cases. A risk factor questionnaire was administered to the primary case-patient or another adult who lived at home while the primary case-patient was ill. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among case-household members and categorized their interactions with primary case-patients during their illnesses as none, minimal, indirect, and direct contact. We conducted logistic regression to explore associations between exposures and case-household status, and Poisson regression to identify risk factors for SUDV infection among HHM.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Case- and control-households had similar median sizes. Among 19 case-households and 51 control households, primary case-patient death (adjusted odds ratio [OR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>]\u2009=\u20097.6, 95% CI 1.4\u201341) and \u2265\u20092 household bedrooms (OR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>=0.19, 95% CI 0.056\u20130.71) were associated with case-household status. In the cohort of 76 case-HHM, 44 (58%) were tested for SUDV\u2009&lt;\u20092 weeks from their last contact with the primary case-patient; 29 (38%) were positive. Being aged\u2009\u2265\u200918 years (adjusted risk ratio [aRR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>]\u2009=\u20091.9, 95%CI: 1.01\u20133.7) and having direct or indirect contact with the primary case-patient (aRR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>=3.2, 95%CI: 1.1\u20139.7) compared to minimal or no contact increased risk of Sudan virus disease (SVD). Access to a handwashing facility decreased risk (aRR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>=0.52, 95%CI: 0.31\u20130.88).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Direct contact, particularly providing nursing care for and sharing sleeping space with SVD patients, increased infection risk among HHM. Risk assessments during contact tracing may provide evidence to justify closer monitoring of some HHM. Health messaging should highlight the risk of sharing sleeping spaces and providing nursing care for persons with Ebola disease symptoms and emphasize hand hygiene to aid early case identification and reduce transmission.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09439-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:01:01Z","timestamp":1717063261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Individual and household risk factors for Ebola disease among household contacts in Mubende and Kassanda districts, Uganda, 2022"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Stella M.","family":"Migamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis-Luc","family":"Ardiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Migisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hildah T.","family":"Nansikombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Nelly","family":"Naiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy","family":"Wanyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Frances","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immaculate","family":"Atuhaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Chris","family":"Kawungezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Goretti","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Simbwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kadobera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex R.","family":"Ario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl2","key":"9439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv284","volume":"212","author":"TW Geisbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geisbert TW, Strong JE, Feldmann H. 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Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(7):1429.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09439-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09439-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09439-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:01:08Z","timestamp":1717063268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09439-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09439-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This outbreak investigation was in response to a public health emergency. The Ministry of Health gave a directive to investigate this outbreak and the office of the Center for Global Health, US Center for Disease Control and Prevention determined that this activity was non-research and that its primary intent was for public health practice or disease control. This analysis of the dynamics of transmission of SUDV to household members from primary case-patients was done as part of integrated outbreak analytics (IOA). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. \u00a7 \u00a7See e.g., 45\u00a0C.F.R. part 46, 21\u00a0C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a0241(d); 5 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a0552a; 44 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a03501 et seq.All SUDV testing was done for diagnostic purposes as part of the public health emergency response to the outbreak in Uganda, and thus was not subject to institutional review board clearance. Test results were released by the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) laboratory to the relevant public health authorities according to protocol. We included households and individuals who consented to the interviews. The authors sought permission to conduct the study from district health authorities and local government leaders of Mubende and Kassanda districts.Verbal informed consent was sought from study participants who were at least 18 years old or their parents\/guardians for those below 18 years. The authors also sought assent from participants below the age of 18 years. For those who had died, informed consent was obtained from their next-of-kin. The interviewers took the participants\/guardians through the informed consent section and obtained consent before proceeding with interviews. The choice of verbal over written consent was made so as to minimise the possible risk of Ebola transmission. Each study participant was assigned a unique identifier to protect their confidentiality. All methods were conducted consistent with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"543"}}