{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:56:53Z","timestamp":1793300213676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistant strains lead to increased mortality, treatment costs, and an increase in the length of hospitalization. Nowadays, nanoparticles are considered a substitute for antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the MIC of Silver (Ag) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles (NPs) on Biofilm-Producing\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and determine the relationship between MIC and frequency of efflux pump genes in cutaneous specimens in Shiraz, Southwest Iran in 2021\u20132022.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, specimens were collected from April 2021 to June 2022 at Namazi and Faqihi Hospitals in Shiraz. Investigation of biofilm production in multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates was done by the microtiter plate method. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV\u2013vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microscopy. The MIC of AgNPs and ZnONPs for isolates was done using the method described in the CLSI guideline (2018). The antibacterial effect of MIC of NPs on inanimate objects was done by colony counts. The prevalence of efflux pump genes (\n                      <jats:italic>adeR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>adeC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>adeA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>abeM<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>adeK<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>adeI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was also investigated by PCR technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The highest ceftriaxone resistance (68%) and lowest colistin resistance (7%) were identified. 57% of isolates were MDR. In addition, 71.9% could produce biofilm and 28.1% of isolates could not produce biofilm. The average size of AgNPs and ZnONPs in the present study is 48 and &lt;\u200970\u00a0nm, respectively. The nanoparticles were spherical. The MIC and the MBC of the ZnONPs were in the range of 125 to 250\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL respectively. Also, for AgNPs, the MIC and the MBC were in the range of 62.5 to 250\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml, respectively.\n                      <jats:italic>AbeM<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene had the highest frequency and the\n                      <jats:italic>AdeK<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene had the lowest frequency. Statistical analysis showed that there is a relationship between the frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>adeA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>adeC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>adeM<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes with the MIC of AgNPs and ZnONPs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the results of the present study, inanimate objects such as scalpels in contact with AgNPs (6000\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml for 240\u00a0min) or ZnONPs (5000\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml for 120\u00a0min) can be free of biofilm producing\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0with efflux pump genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09471-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1718596938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Study of MIC of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles, strong and cost-effective antibacterial against biofilm-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Shiraz, Southwest of Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Farshad","family":"Kakian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Arasteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Motamedifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"9471_CR1","first-page":"951","volume":"58","author":"A Keerasuntonpong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keerasuntonpong A, Samakeenich C, Tribuddharat C, et al. 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All the participants signed the informed consent. For people under 16 years of age, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. We followed all the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki for medical research involving human subjects. Participants were ensured that their data will be processed by Iran\u2019s data protection laws, which ensure their confidentiality.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"593"}}