{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:29:38Z","timestamp":1773872978647,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nocardia species can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised people.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective study, from 2009 to 2022, aims to compare the survival analyses of pulmonary nocardiosis in AIDS and non-AIDS patients in northeastern Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 215 culture-confirmed cases of pulmonary nocardiosis: 97 with AIDS and 118 without AIDS. The median CD4 count of AIDS patients was 11 cells\/\u00b5L (range: 1\u2013198), and 33% had concurrent opportunistic infections. 63.6% of 118 non-AIDS patients received immunosuppressive medications, 28.8% had comorbidities, and 7.6% had no coexisting conditions. Disseminated nocardiosis and pleural effusion were more prevalent among AIDS patients, whereas non-AIDS patients revealed more shock and respiratory failure. One hundred-fifty patients underwent brain imaging; 15 (10%) had brain abscesses. Patients with pulmonary nocardiosis have overall 30-day and 1-year mortality rates of 38.5% (95% CI: 32.3%, 45.4%) and 52.1% (95% CI: 45.6%, 58.9%), respectively. The Cox survival analysis showed that AIDS patients with disseminated nocardiosis had a 7.93-fold (95% CI: 2.61\u201324.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) increased risk of death within 30 days compared to non-AIDS patients when considering variables such as age, Charlson comorbidity index, concurrent opportunistic infections, duration of illness, shock, respiratory failure,\u00a0multi-lobar pneumonia, lung abscesses, and combination antibiotic therapy. While AIDS and pulmonary nocardiosis had a tendency to die within 30 days (2.09 (95% CI, 0.74\u20135.87, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.162)).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>AIDS with pulmonary nocardiosis, particularly disseminated disease, is a serious opportunistic infection. Early diagnosis and empiric treatment with a multidrug regimen may be the most appropriate approach in a resource-limited setting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09519-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T06:02:28Z","timestamp":1719554548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of clinical outcomes of pulmonary nocardiosis between AIDS and non-AIDS patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wilawan","family":"Thipmontree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupin","family":"Suputtamonkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9519_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.213","volume":"7","author":"BL Beaman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beaman BL, Beaman L. Nocardia species: host-parasite relationship. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994;7(2):213\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"9519_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.11.016","volume":"87","author":"JW Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson JW. Nocardiosis: updates and clinical overview. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(4):403\u20137.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"9519_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long PF. A retrospective study of Nocardia infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) infection. 1994;22(5):362\u2009\u2013\u200964.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01715551"},{"key":"9519_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00588.x","volume":"9","author":"V Pintado","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pintado V, Gomez-Mampaso E, Cobo J, Quereda C, Meseguer A, Firtun J, Navas E, Moreno S. Nocardial infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9:716\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"40","key":"9519_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12436","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012436","volume":"97","author":"J Steinbrink","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steinbrink J, Leavens J, Kauffman CA, Miceli MH. Manifestations and outcomes of nocardia infections: comparison of immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised adult patients. Med (Baltim). 2018;97(40):e12436.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"9519_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1159\/000508717","volume":"29","author":"SD Duggal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duggal SD, Chugh TD. Nocardiosis: a neglected disease. Med Princ Pract. 2020;29:514.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"9519_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minero MV, Marin M, Cercenada E, Rabadin PM, Bouza E, and Munoz P. Nocardiosis at the turn of the century. Medicine 2009;88(4):250\u2009\u2013\u200960.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181afa1c8"},{"key":"9519_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takamatsu A, Yaguchi T, Tagashira Y, Watanabe A, Honda H. Nocardiosis in Japan:a Multicentric Retrospective cohort study. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2022; 66(2): e01890-21.","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01890-21"},{"key":"9519_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomba E, Liparoti A, Tonizzo A, Castelli V, Alagna L, Bozzi G, Ungaro R, Muscatello A, Gori A, and Bandera A. Nocardia infections in the immunocompromised host: a case series and literature review. Microorganisms 2022;10: 1120","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061120"},{"key":"9519_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams E, Jenney AW, Spelman DW. Nocardia bacteremia: A single-center retrospective review and a systemic review of the literature. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;92: 197\u2013207.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.011"},{"key":"9519_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandi V. Human Nocardia Infections: A review of pulmonary Nocardiosis. Cureus 2015;7(8): e304.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.304"},{"key":"9519_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mootsikapun P, Intarapoka B, Liawnoraset W. Nocardiosis in Srinagarin Hospital, Thailand: review of 70 cases from 1996\u20132001. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;9: 154\u2009\u2013\u200958.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.06.011"},{"key":"9519_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbara A, Elliott B, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ. 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