{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:03:41Z","timestamp":1779915821537,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Background<\/jats:title>\n After decades of praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA), several countries approach schistosomiasis elimination. Continuing MDA in largely uninfected populations no longer seems justified. Alternative interventions to maintain the gains or accelerate interruption of transmission are needed. We report results, strengths, and shortcomings of novel test-treat-track-test-treat (5T) interventions in low Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence areas on Pemba, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Methods<\/jats:title>\n School- and household-based surveys were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to monitor the S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> and microhematuria prevalence and assess the impact of interventions. In 2021, 5T interventions were implemented in 15 low-prevalence areas and included: (i) testing schoolchildren in primary and Islamic schools for microhematuria as a proxy for S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>, (ii) treating positive children, (iii) tracking them to their households and to water bodies they frequented, (iv) testing individuals at households and water bodies, and (v) treating positive individuals. Additionally, test-and-treat interventions were implemented in the 22 health facilities of the study area.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n The S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence in the school-based survey in 15 low-prevalence implementation units was 0.5% (7\/1560) in 2021 and 0.4% (6\/1645) in 2022. In the household-based survey, 0.5% (14\/2975) and 0.7% (19\/2920) of participants were infected with S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The microhematuria prevalence, excluding trace results, in the school-based survey was 1.4% (21\/1560) in 2021 and 1.5% (24\/1645) in 2022. In the household-based survey, it was 3.3% (98\/2975) in 2021 and 5.4% (159\/2920) in 2022. During the 5T interventions, the microhaematuria prevalence was 3.8% (140\/3700) and 5.8% (34\/594) in children in primary and Islamic schools, respectively, 17.1% (44\/258) in household members, and 16.7% (10\/60) in people at water bodies. In health facilities, 19.8% (70\/354) of patients tested microhematuria-positive.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The targeted 5T interventions maintained the very low S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence and proved straightforward and feasible to identify and treat many of the few S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>-infected individuals. Future research will show whether 5T interventions can maintain gains in the longer-term and expedite elimination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n ISRCTN, ISCRCTN91431493. Registered 11 February 2020, https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN91431493<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09549-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:02:40Z","timestamp":1719910960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Test-treat-track-test-treat (5T) approach for Schistosoma haematobium elimination on Pemba Island, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lydia","family":"Trippler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndsay","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Nassor","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Omar","family":"Najim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis Seif","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali Makame","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kabole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9549_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Epub 2020\/06\/13.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09549-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09549-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09549-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:03:17Z","timestamp":1719910997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09549-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09549-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The SchistoBreak study protocol was waived by the ethics committee in Switzerland (Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz; EKNZ) on October 23, 2019 (Req-2019-00951) and approved by the ethics committee in Zanzibar (Zanzibar Health Research Institute; ZAHRI) on December 13, 2019 (ZAHREC\/03\/PR\/December\/2019\/12). The renewed approvals for the protocol were granted by ZAHRI on December 2, 2020 (ZAHREC\/01\/RN\/December\/2020\/10) and February 23, 2021 (ZAHREC\/04\/AMEND\/FEB\/2021\/01). The study was prospectively registered at ISRCTN (ISCRCTN91431493). At the onset of the study and repeatedly before each survey and the intervention period, meetings were held with the community leaders and school principals of the study area to explain research aims and study and intervention procedures. Community leaders and school principals were requested to inform their communities and parents of the schoolchildren about the forthcoming schistosomiasis activities. All individuals participating in the surveys from November 2020 to March 2021 and from November 2021 to March 2022, respectively, and in the 5T intervention period from May 2021 to October 2021 were informed in detail about the objectives and procedures of the study by the local research team and a leaflet that was provided together with informed consent forms. Individuals that were invited to participate in the study could ask questions to the study team. Moreover, the information leaflet included the telephone number of the local principal investigator so that participants or parents of participating children could call in case they had additional questions. Study participants provided written informed consent for their participation. For participating children aged\u2009<\u200918 years, written consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. Children aged 12\u201317 years additionally signed an assent form themselves. Individuals that tested microhaematuria-positive or S. haematobium<\/i>-positive during the annual surveys or 5T activities were offered treatment with a single dose of praziquantel (40\u00a0mg\/kg body weight).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"661"}}