{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:43:49Z","timestamp":1777099429274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW 011513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW 011513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In late 2021, Ghana was hit by a Yellow Fever outbreak that started in two districts in the Savannah region and spread to several other Districts in three regions. Yellow fever is endemic in Ghana. However, there is currently no structured vector control programme for <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> the arboviral vector in Ghana. Knowledge of <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> bionomics and insecticide susceptibility status is important to control the vectors. This study therefore sought to determine <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> vector bionomics and their insecticide resistance status during a yellow fever outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study was performed in two yellow fever outbreak sites (Wenchi, Larabanga) and two non-outbreak sites (Kpalsogu, Pagaza) in Ghana. Immature <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were sampled from water-holding containers in and around human habitations. The risk of disease transmission was determined in each site using stegomyia indices. Adult <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were sampled using Biogents Sentinel (BG) traps, Human Landing Catch (HLC), and Prokopack (PPK) aspirators. Phenotypic resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl was determined with WHO susceptibility tests using <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes collected as larvae and reared into adults. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were detected using allele-specific multiplex PCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among the 2,664 immature <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> sampled, more than 60% were found in car tyres. Larabanga, an outbreak site, was classified as a high-risk zone for the Yellow Fever outbreak (BI: 84%, CI: 26.4%). Out of 1,507 adult <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes collected, <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> was the predominant vector species (92%). A significantly high abundance of <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes was observed during the dry season (61.2%) and outdoors (60.6%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Moderate to high resistance to deltamethrin was observed in all sites (33.75% to 70%). Moderate resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (65%) was observed in Kpalsogu. <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes from Larabanga were susceptible (98%) to permethrin. The F1534C kdr, V1016I kdr and V410 kdr alleles were present in all the sites with frequencies between (0.05\u20130.92). The outbreak sites had significantly higher allele frequencies of F1534C and V1016I respectively compared to non-outbreak sites (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study indicates that <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes in Ghana pose a significant risk to public health. Hence there is a need to continue monitoring these vectors to develop an effective control strategy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09643-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T09:02:43Z","timestamp":1721898163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk of arboviral transmission and insecticide resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes during a yellow fever outbreak in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Owusu-Akyaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher Mfum","family":"Owusu-Asenso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anisa","family":"Abdulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahim","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac Kwame","family":"Sraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Nana","family":"Boadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Aduhene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon Kwaku","family":"Attah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaw Asare","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9643_CR1","volume-title":"Monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquito populations, interim guidance for entomologists","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. 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