{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:37:45Z","timestamp":1790087865396,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BK20210097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BK20211077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09735-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T22:15:53Z","timestamp":1724451353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prior carbapenem exposure increases the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically Ill children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xuguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leihua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saihu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensi","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuiyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjiang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"9735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Society AT, America IDSO. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. AM J RESP CRIT CARE 2005, 171(4).","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST"},{"key":"9735_CR2","unstructured":"Prevention CFDC. Pneumonia (ventilator-associated [VAP] and non-ventilator- associated pneumonia [PNEU]) event. In.; 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"9735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0108","volume":"13","author":"E Iosifidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iosifidis E, Pitsava G, Roilides E. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates and children: a systematic analysis of diagnostic methods and prevention. FUTURE MICROBIOL. 2018;13(12):1431\u201346.","journal-title":"FUTURE MICROBIOL"},{"issue":"10","key":"9735_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3390\/children9101540","volume":"9","author":"N Antalov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antalov\u00e1 N, Klu\u010dka J, \u0158\u00edhov\u00e1 M, Pol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 S, Pokorn\u00e1 A, \u0160toura\u010d P. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention in Pediatric patients: Narrative Review. Children. 2022;9(10):1540.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"9735_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaimes F, De La Rosa G, G\u00f3mez E, M\u00fanera P, Ram\u00edrez J, Castrill\u00f3n S. Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in a developing country: where is the difference? RESP MED 2007, 101(4).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.08.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"9735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603111","volume":"38","author":"GL Bassi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bassi GL, Xiol EA, Pagliara F, Hua Y, Torres A. Body position and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention. SEMIN RESP CRIT CARE. 2017;38(3):371\u201380.","journal-title":"SEMIN RESP CRIT CARE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9735_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12264","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12264","volume":"24","author":"T Niedzwiecka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niedzwiecka T, Patton D, Walsh S, Moore Z, O\u2019Connor T, Nugent L. What are the effects of care bundles on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units? A systematic review. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS. 2019;24(4):e12264.","journal-title":"J SPEC PEDIATR NURS"},{"key":"9735_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Neef M, Bakker L, Dijkstra S, Raymakers-Janssen P, Vileito A, Ista E. Effectiveness of a Ventilator Care Bundle to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia at the PICU: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Pediatr Crit care Medicine: J Soc Crit Care Med World Federation Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc 2019, 20(5).","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001862"},{"key":"9735_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.021","volume":"52","author":"Y Pena-Lopez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pena-Lopez Y, Pujol M, Campins M, Gonzalez-Antelo A, Rodrigo JA, Balcells J, Rello J. Implementing a care bundle approach reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia and delays ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in children: differences according to endotracheal or tracheostomy devices. INT J INFECT DIS. 2016;52:43\u20138.","journal-title":"INT J INFECT DIS"},{"issue":"5","key":"9735_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31828a87cc","volume":"14","author":"E Esteban","year":"2013","unstructured":"Esteban E, Ferrer R, Urrea M, Suarez D, Rozas L, Balaguer M, Palomeque A, Jordan I. The impact of a quality improvement intervention to reduce nosocomial infections in a PICU. PEDIATR CRIT CARE ME. 2013;14(5):525\u201332.","journal-title":"PEDIATR CRIT CARE ME"},{"issue":"6","key":"9735_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.08.005","volume":"40","author":"VD Rosenthal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenthal VD, Alvarez-Moreno C, Villamil-Gomez W, Singh S, Ramachandran B, Navoa-Ng JA, Duenas L, Yalcin AN, Ersoz G, Menco A, et al. Effectiveness of a multidimensional approach to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care units of 5 developing countries: international nosocomial infection Control Consortium findings. AM J INFECT CONTROL. 2012;40(6):497\u2013501.","journal-title":"AM J INFECT CONTROL"},{"issue":"4","key":"9735_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.9071","volume":"320","author":"I Evans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans I, Phillips GS, Alpern ER, Angus DC, Friedrich ME, Kissoon N, Lemeshow S, Levy MM, Parker MM, Terry KM, et al. Association between the New York Sepsis Care Mandate and In-Hospital mortality for Pediatric Sepsis. JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC. 2018;320(4):358\u201367.","journal-title":"JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC"},{"key":"9735_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe Sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. CRIT CARE MED 2015, 43(9).","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001142"},{"issue":"6","key":"9735_CR14","first-page":"C6","volume":"10","author":"YS Galal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galal YS, Youssef MR, Ibrahiem SK. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: incidence, risk factors and outcome in paediatric intensive care units at Cairo University Hospital. J CLIN DIAGN RES. 2016;10(6):C6\u201311.","journal-title":"J CLIN DIAGN RES"},{"issue":"10","key":"9735_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172352","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2352","volume":"171","author":"TJ Matics","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matics TJ, Sanchez-Pinto LN. Adaptation and validation of a Pediatric Sequential Organ failure Assessment score and evaluation of the Sepsis-3 definitions in critically Ill Children. JAMA PEDIATR. 2017;171(10):e172352.","journal-title":"JAMA PEDIATR"},{"issue":"5","key":"9735_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","volume":"63","author":"AC Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, Napolitano LM, O\u2019Grady NP, Bartlett JG, Carratala J, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. CLIN INFECT DIS. 2016;63(5):e61\u2013111.","journal-title":"CLIN INFECT DIS"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9735_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05878-6","volume":"46","author":"SL Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus M, Flori HR, Inwald DP, Nadel S, Schlapbach LJ, Tasker RC, Argent AC, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. INTENS CARE MED. 2020;46(Suppl 1):10\u201367.","journal-title":"INTENS CARE MED"},{"issue":"5","key":"9735_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15679","volume":"9","author":"M Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng M, Hu M, Peng X, Gong Y, Qian K, Li J, Zhao J, Li X, Huang J, Zhang M, et al. What contributes to the re-positive nucleic acid test results for the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the shelter cabin hospital in Shanghai. China? HELIYON. 2023;9(5):e15679.","journal-title":"China? HELIYON"},{"key":"9735_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifu A, Eshetu O, Tafesse D, Hailu S. Admission pattern, treatment outcomes, and associated factors for children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit of Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, 2021: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC ANESTHESIOL 2022, 22(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01556-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"9735_CR20","first-page":"725","volume":"50","author":"N Safdar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Safdar N, Crnich CJ, Maki DG. The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: its relevance to developing effective strategies for prevention. RESP CARE. 2005;50(6):725\u201339.","journal-title":"RESP CARE"},{"key":"9735_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maha A, Ziad AM, Hanan HB, Hala A, Abdulrahman A. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Saudi Arabia: a 30-Month prospective surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004, 25(9).","DOI":"10.1086\/502472"},{"key":"9735_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elward AM, Warren DK, Fraser VJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: risk factors and outcomes. Pediatrics 2002, 109(5).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.758"},{"issue":"10","key":"9735_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-018-2662-8","volume":"85","author":"G Vijay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vijay G, Mandal A, Sankar J, Kapil A, Lodha R, Kabra SK. Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: incidence, risk factors and Etiological agents. Indian J Pediatr. 2018;85(10):861\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"9735_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent F, Jonathan M, David H, V\u00e9ronique T, St\u00e9phane G, Fatma M, Guil\u00e8ne B, Typhaine B, Catherine B, Didier D et al. Five-year trends for ventilator-associated pneumonia: correlation between microbiological findings and antimicrobial drug consumption. INT J ANTIMICROB AG 2015, 46(5).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.07.010"},{"issue":"10","key":"9735_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.06.008","volume":"29","author":"JN Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu JN, Hu SQ, Li ZL, Bao C, Liu Q, Liu C, Xu SY. Risk factors of multidrug-resistant bacteria infection in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J INFECT CHEMOTHER. 2023;29(10):942\u20137.","journal-title":"J INFECT CHEMOTHER"},{"issue":"3","key":"9735_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr508","volume":"67","author":"MP Hensgens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Dekkers OM, Kuijper EJ. Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics. J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH. 2012;67(3):742\u20138.","journal-title":"J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH"},{"issue":"6","key":"9735_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.2016.1844","volume":"34","author":"ZM Djordjevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Djordjevic ZM, Folic MM, Jankovic SM. Previous antibiotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with nosocomial infections. BALK MED J. 2017;34(6):527\u201333.","journal-title":"BALK MED J"},{"key":"9735_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignacio M, Robert D, Antoni T, H\u00e5kan H, Jeffrey L, Massimo A, Gennaro DP, Fernando B, Jean LV, Srinivas M et al. The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill. Crit Care (London England) 2020, 24(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03219-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"9735_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3513-3516.2005","volume":"49","author":"NJ Pultz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pultz NJ, Stiefel U, Donskey CJ. Effects of daptomycin, linezolid, and Vancomycin on establishment of intestinal colonization with Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH. 2005;49(8):3513\u20136.","journal-title":"ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH"},{"key":"9735_CR30","unstructured":"Anne V, Carolien O, Susana F, Lisanne J, Isaie R, Ruud SK, Els VN, Frits H, Max K, Johannes AR et al. Impact of oral Vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. J HEPATOL 2014, 60(4)."},{"key":"9735_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel F, Celia M, David R, Coral B, Andr\u00e9s M. Antibiotic use and microbiome function. BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 2016, 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.09.007"},{"issue":"11","key":"9735_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303184","volume":"62","author":"AE Perez-Cobas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perez-Cobas AE, Gosalbes MJ, Friedrichs A, Knecht H, Artacho A, Eismann K, Otto W, Rojo D, Bargiela R, von Bergen M, et al. Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: a multi-omic approach. Gut. 2013;62(11):1591\u2013601.","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09735-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09735-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09735-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T22:16:16Z","timestamp":1724451376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09735-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09735-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University (2023CS034) and First People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang (LW-20231024003-01). Informed written consent to participate was obtained from the parents\/guardians of the minors included in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"855"}}